Deposits, petrology and mechanism of the 2010–2013 eruption of Kizimen volcano in Kamchatka, Russia

Abstract

Kizimen volcano in Kamchatka is well known as a source of highly heterogeneous poorly mingled magmas ranging from dacites to basaltic andesites. In 2010-2013, the volcano produced its first historical magmatic eruption with the deposition of 0.27 km 3 of block and ash pyroclastic flows accompanied by slow extrusion of a 200-m-thick, highly viscous (10 10 -10 11 Pa s) block lava flow with a volume of 0.3 km 3 . The total volume of erupted magma comprised approximately 0.4 km 3 DRE. We provide description of the eruption chronology, as well as the lithology and petrology of eruptive products. The erupted material is represented by banded dacite and high-silica andesite. The dacitic magma was formed during a long dormancy after the previous magmatic eruption several hundred years ago with mineral compositions indicating average pre-eruptive temperatures of~810°C, fO 2 of 0.9-1.6 log units above the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffer and shallow crustal storage conditions at~123 MPa. The silica-rich andesite represents a hybrid magma, which shows signs of recent thermal and compositional disequilibrium. We suggest that the hybrid magma started to form in 1963 when a swarm of deep earthquakes indicated an input of mafic magma from depth into the 6-11-km-deep silicic magma chamber. It took the following 46 years until the magma filling the chamber reached an eruptible state. Poor mingling of the two melts is attributed to its unusually high viscosity that could be associated with the pre-eruptive long-term leakage of volatiles from the chamber through a regional tectonic fault. Our investigations have shown that shallow magma chambers of dormant volcanoes demonstrating strong persistent fumarolic activity can contain highly viscous, degassed magma of evolved composition. Reactivation of such magma chambers by injection of basic magma takes a long time (several decades). Thus, eruption forecasts at such volcanoes should include a possibility of long time lag between a swarm of deep earthquakes (indicating the recharge of basic magma from depth) and the following swarm of shallow earthquakes (indicating final ascent of the hybrid magma towards the surface). Due to the high viscosity of the magma, the shallow swarm can last for more than a year. The forthcoming eruption can be of moderate to low explosivity and include extrusion of viscous lava flows and domes composed of poorly mingled magmas of contrasting compositions.

“Volcanism in the Chugoku region: a review for the first UNESCO field school on Geoenvironmental disaster reduction”

“…They usually spread less and travel shorter distances. With respect to the area covered, their edifices are much higher (higher aspect ratios) in comparison with their mafic counterparts (Auer et al 2018), and thus usually only pose a hazard in the direct vicinity of the volcano. In many cases, silicic effusive eruptions will not form lava flows at all, but only lava domes which grow either from within due to the addition of lava into the dome complex (endogenic growth) or due to the addition of individual lava lobes to an existing complex (exogenic growth).…”

One of the possible mechanisms for generating the seismic mode “drumbeats” when moving the Kizimen Volcano viscous lava flow along the slope in 2011-2012

“…Извержению предшествовала длительная сейсмическая подготовка в течение более полутора лет. Вялотекущая сейсмичность свидетельствует об очень вязкой и мало газированной магме, которая медленно продвигалась к дневной поверхности [Auer et al, 2018].…”

“…Продукты извержения 2010-2013 гг. представлены полосатым дацитом и андезитом с высоким содержанием кремнезёма [Auer et al, 2018].…”

Seismic Mode «drumbeats»: Promoting and Supporting Eruption of Andesitic and Dacitic Volcanoes and Their Features (Overview)

“…Лавовый поток на восточном склоне вулкана был замечен в феврале 2011 г., а в конце июля его «язык» достиг подножия конуса (Овсянников, Малик, 2011). В ноябре 2011 г. на расстоянии 2.3 км от кратера вулкана на высоте 1350 м произошло разветвление потока к северо-востоку с образованием менее мощного второго «языка», мощность первого «языка» к тому моменту достигла 200 м (Auer et al, 2018). К октябрю 2012 г. движение лавового потока прекратилось (Двигало и др., 2013).…”

“…К октябрю 2012 г. движение лавового потока прекратилось (Двигало и др., 2013). Общий объем лавового потока составил 0.3 км 3 (Auer et al, 2018).…”