Depression in children: Prevalence and correlates.

Abstract

The present research assessed the prevalence of severe depression in children according to four risk variables: sex, age, intellectual functioning, and family income. Also investigated was a set of variables theoretically associated with the construct of childhood depression. Data were gathered from 3,020 normal elementary school children by means of peer nominations, self-ratings, teachers' observations, and pupil personnel records. In addition, data from 508 of the children's mothers were obtained from an individually administered, preceded interview. The overall prevalence rate of depression for these children, based on peer nominations, was 5.2%. Of the 38 variables hypothesized to be in the domain of childhood depression, 18 correlated significantly with the peer nomination measure.The purpose of the present research, was twofold. One goal was to determine the prevalence of depression in a population of noninstitutionalized, elementary school children categorized by certain risk variables such as sex, age, intellectual functioning, and family income. A second goal was to obtain data concerning hypothesized correlates of depressive symptoms in children in order to elucidate the construct of childhood depression. The research was stimulated by the controversy arising from the discrepancy in clinical and research findings. Some clinicians claim, based largely on their experience, that a syndrome of childhood depression is pervasive and affects many children (e.g.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms in Turkish adolescents

“…Poverty was effective on depressive symptoms in children (Table 2). Poverty and dif- (5,13,24,37,38) showed that low economic status increases depression. It can be concluded that low economic status leads to depression via deprivation.…”

Sintomatología depresiva en escolares de 12 a 16 años y su relación con las distorsiones cognitivas

“…En primer lugar, en el caso del PNID, se observan promedios más bajos en la puntuación de la subescala de depresión de esta prueba que en el trabajo de Ezpeleta et al (1990) ya mencionado, y equiparable para la submuestra de Sevilla en la investigación nacional de PolainoLorente y Doménech (1988;1990). En segundo lugar, diferentes aportaciones coinciden en las bajas correlaciones halladas entre dicho instrumento y el inventario GDI (entre 0'12 y 0'23) (Lefkowitz y Tesiny, 1985;Marujo y Da Silva, 1999;), e incluso sin correlación estadísti-camente significativa (Ezpeleta et al, 1990). En el presente trabajo, la correlación entre dichos instrumentos resulta significativa aunque con una puntuación francamente modesta (0'14), de acuerdo con los estudios citados y, probablemente, efecto también del gran tamaño de la población participante.…”

Güreş Eği̇ti̇m Merkezleri̇ndeki̇ Güreşçi̇leri̇n Temel Psi̇koloji̇k İhti̇yaçlarinin Ve Depresyon Düzeyleri̇ni̇n Çeşi̇tli̇ Deği̇şkenler Açisindan İncelenmesi̇

“…(35,36) , Lefkowitz ve Tesiny (1985)'in çalışmaları ile çelişmektedir (37). Bu sonuçlara göre, gelir düzeyi iyi olmayan güreşçi öğrenciler için; başarılı sporcular olmayı hedefleyebilme ve kendilerini yeterli hissedebilme adına daha iyi koşullar içeren yaşam standartlarının geliştirilmesinin ve psikolojik destek sağlanmasının gerekli olduğu düşünülebilir.…”