Description of a New Planktonic Mixotrophic Dinoflagellate <i>Paragymnodinium shiwhaense</i> n. gen., n. sp. from the Coastal Waters off Western Korea: Morphology, Pigments, and Ribosomal DNA Gene Sequence

Kang, Nam Seon; Jeong, Hae Jin; Moestrup, Øjvind; Shin, Woongghi; Nam, Seung Won; Park, Jae Yeon; Salas, Miguel F. de; Kim, Ki Woo; Noh, Jae Hoon

doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00462.x

Cited by 74 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…In addition, recently some newly described phototrophic dinoflagellate species have been revealed to be mixotrophic dinoflagellates (e.g. Kang et al 2010;Yoo et al 2010). Thus, mixotrophy by the causative phototrophic dinoflagellate species should be considered when the mechanisms of the outbreak, persistence, and decline of red tides are being explored.…”

Section: Trophic Modesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs

et al. 2010

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Planktonic mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are ubiquitous protists and often abundant in marine environments. Recently many phototrophic dinoflagellate species have been revealed to be mixotrophic organisms and also it is suggested that most dinoflagellates may be mixotrophic or heterotrophic protists. The mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are able to feed on diverse prey items including bacteria, picoeukaryotes, nanoflagellates, diatoms, other dinoflagellates, heterotrophic protists, and metazoans due to their diverse feeding mechanisms. In turn they are ingested by many kinds of predators. Thus, the roles of the dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs are very diverse. The present paper reviewed the kind of prey which mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates are able to feed on, feeding mechanisms, growth and ingestion rates of dinoflagellates, grazing impact by dinoflagellate predators on natural prey populations, predators on dinoflagellates, and red tides dominated by dinoflagellates. Based on this information, we suggested a new marine planktonic food web focusing on mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates and provided an insight on the roles of dinoflagellates in the food web.

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Section: Trophic Modesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs

et al. 2010

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“…For scanning electron microscope, 10-mL aliquots of cultures at ~8,000 cells mL -1 were fixed for 20 min in osmium tetroxide at a final concentration of 2-2.5% (v/v) in seawater. Cell collection, dehydration, drying, and observation were as described by Kang et al (2010). For transmission electron microscopy, the same procedures were conducted as described by Kang et al (2010).…”

Section: Morphology Of Amphidinium Massartiimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cell collection, dehydration, drying, and observation were as described by Kang et al (2010). For transmission electron microscopy, the same procedures were conducted as described by Kang et al (2010).…”

Section: Morphology Of Amphidinium Massartiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and molecular characterization of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Amphidinium massartii, isolated from the temperate waters off Jeju Island, Korea

Lee¹,

Jeong²,

Park³

et al. 2013

ALGAE

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Amphidinium massartiiBiecheler is an epiphytic and toxic dinoflagellate. Prior to the present study, A. massartii has been reported in the waters off the Mediterranean, Australian, USA, and Canadian coasts. We isolated Amphidinium cells from the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea and their morphology and rDNA sequences indicated that they were A. massartii. Herein, we report for the first time the occurrence of A. massartii in the waters of the temperate region in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences of the Korean strains were 0.7% different from those of an Australian strain of A. massartii CS-259, the closest species, but were 4.1-5.8% different from those of the other Australian strains and the USA strains of A. massartii and from those of Amphidinium sp. HG115 that was isolated from subtropical Okinawan waters. In phylogenetic trees based on LSU, internal transcribed spacer, small subunit rDNA, and cytochrome b sequences, the Korean strains belonged to the A. massartii clade, which was clearly divergent from the A. carterae clade. The morphology of the Korean A. massartii strains was similar to that of the originally described French strain and recently described Australian strain. However, we report for the first time here that scales were observed on the surface of the flagella. In conclusion, the Korean A. massartii strains have unique rDNA sequences, even though they have a very similar morphology to that of previously reported strains. This report extends the known range of this dinoflagellate to the temperate waters of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

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“…Cells from dense cultures were fixed for 10 min in osmium tetroxide at a final concentration of 0.3% (v/v) in seawater. Cell collection, dehydration, drying and mounting were performed as described in Kang et al (2010).…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

LaJeunesse

Lee

Gil-Agudelo

et al. 2015

European Journal of Phycology

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We describe Symbiodinium necroappetens sp. nov. found predominantly in diseased or thermally damaged tissues in some reef corals of the Greater Caribbean. Small, albeit fixed, differences in the ribosomal DNA (ITS2 and LSU) and cytochrome b (cob) indicate that S. necroappetens is evolutionarily separate, but closely related to S. microadriaticum (members of Clade A). However, haplotype sequences of the non-coding region of the psbA minicircle are highly divergent, signifying that the degree of genetic divergence between these sibling lineages is far greater than indicated by changes in rDNA. Small morphological differences also support the delineation of this species. The Kofoidian plate formula for S. necroappetens (x-plate, EAV, 4′, 5a, 8′′, 9-11s, 21c, 6′′′, 2′′′′, PE) is generally the same as described for S. microadriaticum, except for the number of cingulum plates (21 vs 22-24), but plate shapes and configurations differ. Nuclear and mitochondrial volumes calculated from ultrastructural serial sections (published previously) also distinguish it from S. microadriaticum and S. pilosum. There are significant physiological differences in the response of S. necroappetens to high pCO 2 and thermal stress when compared with S. microadriaticum, indicating that large functional differences exist even among closely related species. This species appears to be necrotrophic rather than mutualistic. Before it was recognized as a distinct entity, reports on its ecology contributed to the supposition that members of Clade A Symbiodinium were opportunistic. Available evidence indicates that S. necroappetens exists at low environmental background levels, but may 'proliferate' selectively in artificial growth media, or emerge opportunistically in bleached coral colonies during early recovery from severe stress, or in diseased necrotic tissues, especially in colonies of the Orbicella (formerly Monstastraea) annularis complex. However, S. necroappetens fails to persist at detectable levels as populations of the typical symbiont recover. The description of this species raises awareness of the broad functional and ecological diversity exhibited by members of this large dinoflagellate genus.

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Description of a New Planktonic Mixotrophic Dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense n. gen., n. sp. from the Coastal Waters off Western Korea: Morphology, Pigments, and Ribosomal DNA Gene Sequence

Cited by 74 publications

References 64 publications

Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs

Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs

Morphology and molecular characterization of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Amphidinium massartii, isolated from the temperate waters off Jeju Island, Korea

Symbiodinium necroappetenssp. nov. (Dinophyceae): an opportunist ‘zooxanthella’ found in bleached and diseased tissues of Caribbean reef corals

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