Description of soft-sediment deformation structures in the Cretaceous Bima Sandstone from the Yola Arm, Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria

Geochemical characterisation of Early Cretaceous lacustrine sediments of Bima Formation, Yola Sub-basin, Northern Benue Trough, NE Nigeria: Organic matter input, preservation, paleoenvironment and palaeoclimatic conditions

“…The Upper Bima (B3) conformably overlies the Middle Bima (B 2 ). It has a relatively homogeneous appearance consisting of planar cross bedded, medium to coarse grained sandstone that shows soft sediment deformation structures (Samaila et al, 2006).…”

Deformed cross-stratified deposits in the Early Pleistocene tidally-dominated Catanzaro strait-fill succession, Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy): Triggering mechanisms and environmental significance

“…In fact, deformed cross-strata (sensu Allen, 1982) are widely reported in fluvial (e.g. Jones, 1962;Hobday and Von Brunn, 1979;Turner, 1981;Owen, 1995;Samaila et al, 2006) and aeolian deposits (e.g. Rice, 1939;Robson, 1956;Steidtmann, 1974;Horowitz 1982;Glennie and Buller, 1983;Bryant and Miall, 2010).…”

Palaeoseismicity in relation to basin tectonics as revealed from soft-sediment deformation structures of the Lower Triassic Panchet formation, Raniganj basin (Damodar valley), eastern India

“…Many authors (Middleton and Hampton 1973;Allen 1977;Chakraborty 1977;Cojan and Thiry 1992;Owen 1996;Rossetti 1999;Samaila et al 2006) suggest that convolution is related to fluidizationliquefaction events, and a concomitant expulsion of pore water. If the disturbance is due to fluvial processes then it is likely that deformation caused by liquefaction and fluidization would take place just below the sedimentation base.…”

“…The geological setting, as discussed in section 2.1 of this paper, indicates that the continental basins of the Indian part of Gondwana, including the Raniganj basin, were tectonically active during PermianTriassic sedimentation, and there is direct evidence for episodic movement along basin boundary and intra-basinal faults during that time (Ghosh 2002). This indicates that recurrent syn-sedimenatry seismic activity occurred during the Permian-Triassic Page andSuppe (1981), Mills (1983) Large-scale water movements Siegenthaler et al (1987) Lateral facies variations, and high proportion fine grain sediment and water McDonald and Shilts (1975), Chunga et al (2007), content in sediments in glacial environments Gruszka andVan Loon (2007), Van Loon (2009) Seismic shaking Field et al (1982), Bhattacharya and Bandyopadhyay (1998), Shiki et al (2000), Schnellmann et al (2002), Spalluto et al (2007), Aboumaria et al (2009) Convolute lamination Fluidization-liquefaction events and concomitant expulsion of pore water Middleton and Hampton (1973), Allen (1977), due to earthquake or occasional pounding of channel-base sediments Chakraborty (1977), Cojan and Thiry (1992), Owen by large wave during fluvial processes (1996), Rossetti (1999), Samaila et al (2006) Convolute laminae having intact tops of the domes while sandwich...…”