Design and Optimization of Colorimetric Paper-Based Analytical Device for Rapid Detection of Allopurinol in Herbal Medicine

Abstract

Traditional herbal medicine in Indonesia is still in great demand and popular in society. The Indonesian government regulations state that herbal medicine should not contain chemical drug due to the toxic effect of uncontrolled consumption. Allopurinol is one of the drugs commonly added to herbal medicine for the treatment of chronic gout. Paper-based analytical device is one of the latest forms of analysis that has been widely used for the identification of chemical elements, environmental contamination, bacteria, and many more. In this study, experiments were conducted using Whatman filter paper No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 and Whatman chromatography as a paper, and 9 colorimetric reagents were tested for allopurinol detection in herbal medicine. There were 5 specific reagents that reacted positively with allopurinol and only 3 reagents that can be applied to the paper, that is, Folin-Ciocalteu, Tollens, and p-DAB reagent. The results of the optimization show that the most optimal immersion time was 60 minutes with a drying time of 30 minutes at 50°C. Each filter paper has different characteristic; however, there was no significant difference when all of the papers were used as PAD for allopurinol detection.

A Brief Review of Analytical Methods for the Estimation of Allopurinol in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Matrices

“…To calculate the levels of ALLP in herbal sample, standard curve of ALLP with concentrations of 6-16 μg mL −1 was made and measured at 252 nm wavelength, and the concentration of ALLP in sample was determined (7.44 μg mL −1 ). e developed paper-based analytical device was successful in detecting ALLP in herbal medicine sample which also agrees with TLC and spectrophotometry data [49].…”

Comparison of Three Extraction Methods of Allopurinol in Uric Acid Herbal Medicine With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quantification

“…The mixtures were dissolved in 5 ml of NaOH 0.1 N, sonicated for 15 min then filtered. The filtrate was added with HCl 0.1 N up to 50 ml [9]. The solutions were diluted 100x and the analyte was quantified using HPLC under the same condition based on the system suitability test.…”

“…The complex matrix of herbal medicine resulted in the need for a method that could extract allopurinol optimally. Developed methods to extract allopurinol include dissolving and filtering method [9], liquid-liquid extraction using organic solvent and water [10], and solid-phase extraction with mixed-mode cation exchanger (SPE-MCX) cartridge [11]. The methods are based on different extraction principles.…”

Method Validation of Silica Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction Combined with Spectrophotometer UV-Vis for the Determination of Allopurinol in Herbal Medicine

“…Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor drug that will inhibit xanthine oxidase enzyme to produce uric acid (Singh et al, 2017). Long time consumption of allopurinol with uncontrolled dosage will cause several negative effects such as diarrhea, drug fever, and hematological abnormalities (Pratiwi et al, 2019). Therefore, monitoring and determination of allopurinol in herbal medicine are important to prevent the toxicity effect of allopurinol.…”

“…A different analytical method based on spectrometric, chromatography (Ilango et al, 2003), capillary electrophoresis (Kou et al, 2006), and electrochemical detection method have been developed for allopurinol detection (Ladmakhi et al, 2020;Reinders et al, 2007;Rezaei & Rahmanian, 2011). However, since these methods are selective and sensitive, these methods also have several disadvantages such as time-consuming, tedious, requiring expensive instruments, and toxic solvents (Kou et al, 2006;Pratiwi et al, 2019). Another is that the sample preparation method also becomes an important part of the analytical method besides the instrumentation.…”