No abstract

Antibacterials have been used to treat infectious diseases in both humans and animals since 1929. Along with their use, there is resistance to some antibacterials. 43% of Escherichia coli is resistant to various types of antibiotics. Therefore, research on the development of antibacterial ingredients is always being developed. Nanocellulose has received a lot of attention on its application of antibacterial material support. Meanwhile, chitosan is an antibacterial biopolymer with a brittle structure, hence nanocellulose is added to chitosan film to increase its structural stability. In this study, nanocellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse through a combination method of sulfuric acid hydrolysis with ultrasonic waves. The effect of addition of nanocellulose to chitosan mechanical properties was investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterization showed that there were differences in morphology between nanocellulose, chitosan, and nanocellulose-chitosan biocomposites. The result of X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that biocomposites was successfully formed. The average size of nanocellulose particle was 132.67 nm. Nanocellulose-chitosan biocomposites with a ratio of 10:2 have the best antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli than other biocomposite ratios.

The focus of this study was the simultaneous effect of ultrasonic and chemical treatment on the extraction of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Ultrasonic waves can accelerate the dispersion process of nanocellulose particles so that extraction runs faster and is environmentally friendly. The bagasse was treated by chemical treatment with ultrasonic waves, and then the nanocellulose was prepared using acid hydrolysis with ultrasonic waves. The effect of ultrasonication was investigated. The crystallinity of sugarcane bagasse, cellulose, and nanocellulose was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Based on the diffractogram, there was an increase in the crystallinity of nanocellulose. The chemical composition of extracted cellulose and nanocellulose was analyzed by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. The results of the analysis showed that lignin and hemicellulose were removed from the bagasse during the extraction process. The analysis results also showed that the breaking of intramolecular hydrogen and glycosidic bonds occurred during the hydrolysis process. The morphology of bagasse, cellulose, and nanocellulose was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy. While the particle size of nanocellulose was analyzed by the Particle Size Analysis instrument. The average size of nanocellulose particles was 132.67 nm.

A facile sample preparation method based on silica dispersive solid-phase extraction combination with spectrophotometer UV-Vis for the extraction of allopurinol in herbal medicine was successfully developed. Silica was used as a solid sorbent. The extraction process was carried out by inserting and dispersing silicas in a 30 mL sample solution that contained allopurinol, then stirred using a hot plate stirrer. At the end of the extraction process, silicas were collected and desorbed using ethanol by utilizing a vortex. The desorption solution was analyzed by spectrophotometer UV-Vis at a maximum wavelength of 250 nm. Several essential parameters such as silica mass, extraction time, desorption time, and pH of sample solution were optimized. The results showed that the optimum extraction condition was achieved: silica mass. 0.8 grams; extraction time, 45 minutes; desorption time, 2 minutes; and pH of sample solution, pH 7. The optimum extraction condition was then applied for the standard curve and analyzed of allopurinol in herbal medicine samples. The results of the method validation method were obtained the correlation coefficient (R2), 0.9961; the detection limit, 0.6871 ppm; the quantitation limit, 2.2902 ppm, the percent of recovery (% R) in the range of 96.42-110.25%, percent coefficient of variation (% CV) in the range of 0.0361- 0.1322%. The application method in 3 real samples showed that the concentrations of allopurinol were 56.0221 ppm, 54.8706 ppm, and 63.6719 ppm, respectively. The values of % R in the analysis of real samples by using the spiking method were obtained in the range of 49.52-89.74%.

Antibacterials have been used to treat infectious diseases in both humans and animals since 1929. Along with their use, there is resistance to some antibacterials. 43% of Escherichia coli is resistant to various types of antibiotics. Therefore, research on the development of antibacterial ingredients is always being developed. Nanocellulose has received a lot of attention on its application of antibacterial material support. Meanwhile, chitosan is an antibacterial biopolymer with a brittle structure, hence nanocellulose is added to chitosan film to increase its structural stability. In this study, nanocellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse through a combination method of sulfuric acid hydrolysis with ultrasonic waves. The effect of addition of nanocellulose to chitosan mechanical properties was investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterization showed that there were differences in morphology between nanocellulose, chitosan, and nanocellulose-chitosan biocomposites. The result of X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that biocomposites was successfully formed. The average size of nanocellulose particle was 132.67 nm. Nanocellulose-chitosan biocomposites with a ratio of 10:2 have the best antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli than other biocomposite ratios.