Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of Portable and Large-Area Blackbody System

Bae, Jeong Hwan; Choi, Won Jun; Hong, Suk-Ju; Kim, Sangyeon; Kim, Eungchan; Lee, Chang-Hyup; Han, Yun-hyeok; Hur, Hwan; Lee, Kye-Sung; Chang, Ki Soo; Kim, Geon-Hee; Kim, Ghiseok

doi:10.3390/s20205836

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An infrared thermographic camera Fluke Ti400 was used to capture the thermal distribution on the surface of the locations of the BGA components during the rework process. Thermal imaging technology not only measures the BGA surface temperature but also provides information about heat intrusions and heterogeneity in the object's interior or subsurface 30 . This infrared thermographic camera can measure and capture the infrared radiation emitted by the BGA components during the rework process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heat shield locations on rework-induced thermal management in ball grid array solder joint

Ismail

Bakar

Ehsan

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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This study investigated the effectiveness of heat shield placement locations during the rework process to avoid thermal and mechanical damage to adjacent ball grid array components and their solder joints on double-sided printed circuit board assembly. Three types of heat shield placement locations were used: sample X, individual heat shield placement on adjacent components of the rework location; sample Y, a U-shaped, and sample Z, a square-shaped heat shield placed respectively at the heat source location. The dye and pull test results, infrared thermography, and temperature measurements were analysed to understand the relationship between the location of the heat shield and solder joint damage during rework. Heat shield placement at the heat source location on the reworked component can reduce the peak temperatures on the adjacent rework component locations by up to 8.18%. The peak temperatures of the centre and corner of the BGA component can be maintained below 195 °C and 210 °C, respectively to improve the adjacent rework component locations' solder joint quality by reducing solder joint damage by more than 50% solder cracks. This is useful for thermal management during rework involving high-density ball grid array component placements on double-sided printed circuit board assembly.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heat shield locations on rework-induced thermal management in ball grid array solder joint

Ismail

Bakar

Ehsan

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…The blackbody was composed of (1) a radiator fabricated using an aluminum plate, (2) carbon-fiber-based meshed heat pad, (3) insulating material fabricated using a polyethylene foam, and (4) outer frame of an acrylic material. The width, length, and height of the blackbody system were 730, 730, and 50 mm, respectively, while its mass was 5 kg, which made it portable [23]. For the measurement of aerial thermal images of the blackbody, a drone (DJI Phantom 3, DJI, China) equipped with a thermal camera (FLIR VUE PRO R, FLIR Systems Inc., USA) was utilized, as shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calibration and Image Processing of Aerial Thermal Image for UAV Application in Crop Water Stress Estimation

et al. 2021

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Crop monitoring is a very important area of precision agriculture and smart farming. Through an accurate monitoring, it is possible to more efficiently manage the irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. In this study, we propose aerial thermal image calibration method and thermal image processing techniques to analyze the water stress level of fruit trees under different irrigation conditions. The calibration was performed using Gaussian process regression, and it was demonstrated as an appropriate regression method because it satisfied all requirements including the residuals’ normality, independence, and homoscedasticity. In addition, an appropriate image processing technique was necessary to selectively extract only the canopy temperature from the aerial thermal images, while excluding irrelevant elements such as the soil and other objects. For the image processing techniques, three methods (Gaussian mixture model, Otsu binarization algorithm, and Otsu binarization algorithm after Gaussian blurring) were employed. The Gaussian mixture model provided the highest accuracy and stable results for the extraction of the canopy temperature. After the aerial thermal images were subjected to calibration and image processing, the degree above nonstressed canopy (DANS) water stress index was calculated for the fruit trees under different water supply conditions. The distribution of the DANS water stress index was similar to the distribution of the canopy temperature and inversely proportional to the amount of supplied water content. Therefore, we expect that the DANS water stress index, calculated using the calibration and image processing techniques proposed in this study, can be a reliable measure for the estimation of the water stress of crops for the application of aerial infrared techniques to remote sensing.

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“…Established protocols for calibration of non-contact temperature measuring instruments, and consequently most scientific publications in this field, mostly refer to calibrations of radiation thermometers using black bodies. Such calibration protocols are described in [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. BBRT is considered traceable and is therefore used by calibration laboratories to transfer radiation references.…”

Section: Black Body Radiation Thermometry (Bbrt)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By expressing M BBS T obj , the scalar inverse model of GBRT can be obtained (18). Parameters marked with the prefix i-(e.g., iε) are scalar input parameters of the inverse model, called instrumental parameters.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Traceable Spectral Radiation Model of Radiation Thermometry

Mlačnik

Pušnik

2023

Applied Sciences

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Despite great technical capabilities, the theory of non-contact temperature measurement is usually not fully applicable to the use of measuring instruments in practice. While black body calibrations and black body radiation thermometry (BBRT) are in practice well established and easy to accomplish, this calibration protocol is never fully applicable to measurements of real objects under real conditions. Currently, the best approximation to real-world radiation thermometry is grey body radiation thermometry (GBRT), which is supported by most measuring instruments to date. Nevertheless, the metrological requirements necessitate traceability; therefore, real body radiation thermometry (RBRT) method is required for temperature measurements of real bodies. This article documents the current state of temperature calculation algorithms for radiation thermometers and the creation of a traceable model for radiation thermometry of real bodies that uses an inverse model of the system of measurement to compensate for the loss of data caused by spectral integration, which occurs when thermal radiation is absorbed on the active surface of the sensor. To solve this problem, a hybrid model is proposed in which the spectral input parameters are converted to scalar inputs of a traditional scalar inverse model for GBRT. The method for calculating effective parameters, which corresponds to a system of measurement, is proposed and verified with the theoretical simulation model of non-contact thermometry. The sum of effective instrumental parameters is presented for different temperatures to show that the rule of GBRT, according to which the sum of instrumental emissivity and instrumental reflectivity is equal to 1, does not apply to RBRT. Using the derived models of radiation thermometry, the uncertainty of radiation thermometry due to the uncertainty of spectral emissivity was analysed by simulated worst-case measurements through temperature ranges of various radiation thermometers. This newly developed model for RBRT with known uncertainty of measurement enables traceable measurements using radiation thermometry under any conditions.

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Design, Fabrication, and Performance Evaluation of Portable and Large-Area Blackbody System

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Effect of heat shield locations on rework-induced thermal management in ball grid array solder joint

Effect of heat shield locations on rework-induced thermal management in ball grid array solder joint

Calibration and Image Processing of Aerial Thermal Image for UAV Application in Crop Water Stress Estimation

A Traceable Spectral Radiation Model of Radiation Thermometry

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