Design of a microwave sensor for measurement of water in fuel contamination

Andria, G.; Attivissimo, Filippo; Nisio, Attilio Di; Trotta, A.; Camporeale, Sergio Mario; Pappalardi, P.

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.12.076

Cited by 32 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…A possible solution to this problem is the integration of fluidic channels where the water sample is pumped through the sensor, as in the substrate integrated waveguide developed by Wei et al [ 74 ] for acetone and water mixtures. Recently, Andria et al [ 75 ] designed and modelled a coaxial structure for the real-time measurement of water-in-fuel for the automotive field.…”

Section: Microwave Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Sensors for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Metals in Polluted Water

Frau

Wylie

Byrne

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Thousands of pollutants are threatening our water supply, putting at risk human and environmental health. Between them, trace metals are of significant concern, due to their high toxicity at low concentrations. Abandoned mining areas are globally one of the major sources of toxic metals. Nowadays, no method can guarantee an immediate response for quantifying these pollutants. In this work, a novel technique based on microwave spectroscopy and planar sensors for in situ real-time monitoring of water quality is described. The sensors were developed to directly probe water samples, and in situ trial measurements were performed in freshwater in four polluted mining areas in the UK. Planar microwave sensors were able detect the water pollution level with an immediate response specifically depicted at three resonant peaks in the GHz range. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first time that planar microwave sensors were tested in situ, demonstrating the ability to use this method for classifying more and less polluted water using a multiple-peak approach.

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Section: Microwave Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Sensors for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Metals in Polluted Water

Frau

Wylie

Byrne

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Current research has demonstrated the possibility to determine the presence and concentration of specific components and pollutants in water, e.g. lead ions (Pb 2+ ) (Frau et al 2018a), sugars (Harnsoongnoen et al 2018), nitrates (Cashman et al 2017), phosphate (Nag et al 2019), antibiotics (Mason et al 2018), silver materials (Ateeq et al 2017), water in fuel (Andria et al 2019), marine algae (Moejes et al 2018), liquid mixtures, as acetone and water (Wei et al 2018), ethanol and water Wiltshire and Zarifi 2018).…”

Section: Microwave Technology and Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Functionalised microwave sensors for real-time monitoring of copper and zinc concentration in mining-impacted water

Frau

Wylie

Byrne

et al. 2019

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Microwave spectroscopy has been identified as a novel and inexpensive method for the monitoring of water pollutants. Integrating microwave sensors with developed coatings is a novel strategy to make the sensing system more specific for a target contaminant. This study describes the determination of copper and zinc concentration in water in both laboratory-prepared and acquired mine water samples from two abandoned mining areas in Wales, UK. Uncoated sensors immersed in samples spiked with 1.25 mg/L concentrations of copper and zinc, using the standard addition method, were able to quantify the concentration at 0.44 GHz with a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.99) for the reflection coefficient magnitude (|S11|). Functionalised microwave sensors with l-cysteine, chitosan and bismuth zinc cobalt oxide-based coatings have shown improvement in the sensing performance. Specifically, the linear correlation at 0.91–1.00 GHz between |S11| and a polluted water sample spiked with Cu showed a higher (R2 = 0.98), sensitivity (1.65 ΔdB/mg/L) and quality factor (135) compared with uncoated sensors (R2 = 0.88, sensitivity of 0.82 ΔdB/mg/L and Q-factor 30.7). A Lorentzian peak fitting function was applied for performing advanced multiple peak analysis and identifying the changes in the resonant frequency peaks which are related to the change in metal ion content. This novel sensor platform offers the possibility of in situ monitoring of toxic metal concentrations in mining-impacted water, and multiple peak features, such as area, full width half maximum, centre and height of the peaks, have the possibility to offer higher specificity for similar toxic metals, as between copper and zinc ions.

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“…For example, with reference to water in fuel concentrations, EN590 is the European rule defining the standard for automotive and ASTM D1655 for aerospace applications [12][13][14]. In particular, regarding automotive applications, the water content in fuel must not be over 500 ppm [15]. Water contamination can be detected by using different electromagnetic technologies, including optical fiber gratings and microwave reflection techniques [14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, regarding automotive applications, the water content in fuel must not be over 500 ppm [15]. Water contamination can be detected by using different electromagnetic technologies, including optical fiber gratings and microwave reflection techniques [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Microwave (MW) sensors can be very efficient devices for real-time water detection, since the dielectric constant of water, ε r,H2O = 70, is about 40 times the dielectric constant of diesel fuel, ε r, f uel = 1.75, at the frequency f = 10 GHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications

et al. 2021

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A water-in-diesel microwave sensor based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave applicator is designed and characterized in this study. The interaction between the microwave electromagnetic field and the diesel fuel contaminated with small concentrations of water is obtained via suitable radiating slots placed on the top of an SIW waveguiding structure. The SIW applicator working frequency is chosen by observing the behavior of the complex dielectric permittivity of the fuel–water blend based on a preliminary wide band investigation. The performances of the SIW microwave sensor are evaluated in terms of scattering parameter modulus |S21| as a function of the water concentration in ppm. The best sensitivity Δ|S21|Δρ=1.42 mdB/ppm is obtained at a frequency of f=9.76 GHz, with a coefficient of determination R2=0.94. The sensor is low-cost, low profile and ensures a good sensitivity for constant and real-time monitoring.

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Design of a microwave sensor for measurement of water in fuel contamination

Cited by 32 publications

References 47 publications

Microwave Sensors for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Metals in Polluted Water

Microwave Sensors for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Metals in Polluted Water

Functionalised microwave sensors for real-time monitoring of copper and zinc concentration in mining-impacted water

Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Microwave Sensor for Water-in-Diesel Fuel Applications

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