Design of quadruple-layered metal oxides/nitrogen, oxygen-doped carbon nanotube arrays as binder-free electrodes for flexible lithium-ion batteries

Tunable oxygen defect density and location for enhancement of energy storage

“…Among the available TiO 2 nanomaterials, selforganized TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) synthesized by anodization can be excellent candidates as an active electrode in LIBs and SCs [13,14]. The unique one-dimensional (1D) nanotube structure can provide a large surface area and thus, more active sites for ion storage, and can accelerate electron and ion transport [15]. Meanwhile, the binder-and additive-free properties can prevent interface issues during charge storage, making these arrays an excellent candidate for the analysis of the charge storage process [16,17].…”