Designing a Blockchain-Based IoT With Ethereum, Swarm, and LoRa: The Software Solution to Create High Availability With Minimal Security Risks

Özyılmaz, Kazım Rıfat; Yurdakul, Arda

doi:10.1109/mce.2018.2880806

Cited by 118 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…By using technologies such as LoRa (Long Range), a spread spectrum modulation technique derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology, Swarm, a distributed data storage platform, and Ethereum [41], new paradigms for IoT backend with a combination of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) resistant and fault tolerant storage systems can be developed [42]. Blockchain based IoT applications require strong understanding of complex scenarios, and relevant architectural and logical support.…”

Section: Reference Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Proof of Concept of Scalable Integration of Internet of Things and Blockchain in Healthcare

Satamraju

Malarkodi

2020

Sensors

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The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) brought innovation along with unprecedented benefits of convenience and efficacy in many operations that were otherwise very cumbersome. This innovation explosion has surfaced a new dimension of vulnerability and physical threat to the data integrity of IoT networks. Implementing conventional cryptographic algorithms on IoT devices is not future-proof as these devices are constrained in terms of computational power, performance, and memory. In this paper, we are proposing a novel framework, a unique model that integrates IoT networks with a blockchain to address potential privacy and security threats for data integrity. Smart contracts are instrumental in this integration process and they are used to handle device authentication, authorization and access-control, and data management. We further share a new design model for interfaces to integrate both platforms while highlighting its performance results over the existing models. With the incorporation of off-chain data storage into the framework, overall scalability of the system can be increased. Finally, our research concludes how the proposed framework can be fused virtually into any existing IoT applications with minimal modifications.

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Section: Reference Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Proof of Concept of Scalable Integration of Internet of Things and Blockchain in Healthcare

Satamraju

Malarkodi

2020

Sensors

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“…Blockchain technology has become an important player in cybersecurity and traditional centralized methods replaced with decentralized techniques. One of the projections of Blockchain applications is presented by Ozyilmaz and Yurdakul [89] which study tells us, LoRa enabled IoT data can be stored in a secure distributed system which will ensure distributed denial of service attacks (DDOS).…”

Section: Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

et al. 2019

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Internet of Things (IoT) expansion led the market to find alternative communication technologies since existing protocols are insufficient in terms of coverage, energy consumption to fit IoT needs. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) emerged as an alternative cost-effective communication technology for the IoT market. LoRaWAN is an open LPWAN standard developed by LoRa Alliance and has key features i.e., low energy consumption, long-range communication, builtin security, GPS-free positioning. In this paper, we will introduce LoRaWAN technology, the state of art studies in the literature and provide open opportunities. Several LPWANs emerged on both licensed and unlicensed bands, LoRaWAN, Sigfox and, NB-IoT are widely deployed vital technologies [3].Sigfox is an ultra-narrow band network that is patented and operated by Sigfox. Sigfox occupies 100 Hz and operates at 433MHz, 868MHz and 915MHz frequencies depending on the geographical regions. Technology has strict constraints on the number of packets (140 per day) and the packet size (12 bytes) to be sent. Also, LoRaWAN has similar policies to prevent network congestion allowing channels to be available only %1 duty-cycle for EU 868MHz (See Section 2.4.7). NB-IoT is an ultra-narrow band technology developed by the 3GPP group which can be adopted on GSM and LTE networks. It occupies 200 MHz bandwidth and can reach up to 200 kbps data transmission speed. Compared to LoRaWAN, Sigfox and NB-IoT operated by global network operators which limit deployments of the private networks [4].An overview comparison of the three networks is shown in Table 1. When LPWAN characteristics are considered LoRaWAN becomes a strong candidate for both scientific and industrial uses cases.LoRa referrer to Long Range and a physical layer technology patented by Semtech [5].LoRaWAN is an open protocol proposed by the LoRa Alliance which enables the MAC layer for the network [6].In this study, we will introduce the technological aspects of LoRaWAN and the state of art studies fulfilled about LoRaWAN till today. LoRaWAN protocol was first released in 2015 and had a few minor revisions, the differences in the protocol has been highlighted in the relevant subsection. In the survey, we will introduce LoRaWAN in depth both technological aspects and the use cases of its different areas. We categorized literature studies as in Figure 1. Studies are classified as two main sections; network technology and the applications, each section has own sub-branches. The majority of the work is focused on the coverage tests and applicability of the technology for different fields from large scale smart city applications to personal tracking assets. However, there are still gaps in the literature where researchers can address these problems such as post-disaster communication, decentralized networks, network management, and Adaptive Data Rate.

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“…The miner implements the core function of blockchain, that is, authenticate, authorize, or audit transactions, and mining transactions into blocks. 5,27 Ozyilmaz et al 28 proposed a blockchain-based P2P network of IoT gateways to store data and code fragments. In this network, the data is stored in a torrent-like distributed file system.…”

Section: Baas For Iotmentioning

confidence: 99%

An evaluation framework for privacy‐preserving solutions applicable for blockchain‐based internet‐of‐things platforms

Firoozjaei

Ghorbani

2020

Security and Privacy

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Blockchain-based applications provide many promising opportunities to overcome the challenges associated with the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems (eg, centralized architecture, data integrity, and reliability). In particular, blockchain technology offers many desirable features for IoT infrastructures, such as decentralization, trustworthiness, trackability, and immutability. However, while logging all transactions in a distributed blockchain ledger provides transparency, it also makes it possible to compromise user's privacy, thus posing a grand challenge to IoT architects and implementers. Over the past years, a set of solutions have been proposed for various scenarios, to address these privacy issues. In this paper, we survey these solutions, classify, and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. We also introduce an evaluation framework to evaluate the quality of the privacy-preserving based on an adjustable weighting scheme. Finally, we rate the analyzed solutions based on their privacy ranks, and hope our evaluation can shed light on the future design of privacy-preserving solutions applicable for blockchain-based IoT platforms. K E Y W O R D S blockchain-based application, internet-of-things, privacy rank, privacy-preserving 1 INTRODUCTION Blockchain-based applications have been widely employed to address issues such as intensive centralizing, scalability, security, and reliability with Internet of Things (IoT) systems. IoT systems are characterized by multi-party ecosystems, with data exchange among different devices and parties. 1 The tamper-proof, immutability, and transparency features of blockchain make members able to trace all transactions (past and present), which provides a reliable way to identify data leakages or manipulation. 2-4 The integrity of huge amounts of IoT sensory data can be assured in a blockchain-based distributed cloud from sensor to service with no need to rely on trusted third parties. 5 Data provenance tracking can be provided by programmable smart contracts, which act as the policy evaluation entities and event loggers, and allows users to check all data transfers (eg, acquired automatically from IoT devices) and usage transactions providing assurance that only transactions conforming to the contract policies are authorized and registered in the blockchain. 6 IoT system restrictions, namely resource-constrained devices, low computational power, and limited capacity and bandwidth limit blockchain-IoT applications. For this reason, different projects, such as Maru,* Riddle&Code, † IOTA, ‡ and IBM's device democracy, aim to fit blockchain to IoT platforms, to achieve interoperability, trust machine-to-machine (M2M) interaction, data integrity, and device-based permission. Maru sensor platform, developed by chain of things

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Designing a Blockchain-Based IoT With Ethereum, Swarm, and LoRa: The Software Solution to Create High Availability With Minimal Security Risks

Cited by 118 publications

References 10 publications

Proof of Concept of Scalable Integration of Internet of Things and Blockchain in Healthcare

Proof of Concept of Scalable Integration of Internet of Things and Blockchain in Healthcare

A Survey on LoRaWAN Architecture, Protocol and Technologies

An evaluation framework for privacy‐preserving solutions applicable for blockchain‐based internet‐of‐things platforms

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