Detection of GH abuse in sport: Past, present and future

Barroso, Osquel; Schamasch, Patrick; Rabin, Olivier

doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.021

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, serum GH concentrations are highly variable as GH is secreted in a pulsatile fashion, with both exercise and stress acting as potent stimuli for GH secretion. WADA introduced a test at the Athens Olympic Games based on the measurement of GH isoforms (3). This test was subsequently used at the Turin and Beijing games.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The GH-2004 project: the response of IGF1 and type III pro-collagen to the administration of exogenous GH in non-Caucasian amateur athletes

Holt

Erotokritou‐Mulligan

McHugh

et al. 2010

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Context: The GH-2000 team proposed a method based on IGF1 and type III pro-collagen (P-III-P) to detect exogenously administered GH. As previous studies involved predominantly white European athletes, it is important to assess whether the response of these markers to recombinant human GH (rhGH) differs with ethnicity. Objective: To examine the response of serum IGF1 and P-III-P and GH-2000 score to rhGH in non-Caucasian amateur athletes. Design: Double-blind placebo-controlled rhGH administration study. Setting: Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Southampton General Hospital. Subjects: The study included 31 male and 14 female amateur athletes of different ethnicities. Intervention: The subjects were assigned to treatment with placebo or 0.1 IU/kg per day (low dose) or 0.2 IU/kg per day (high dose) rhGH for 28 days. Blood was collected weekly during treatment and on days 35, 42 and 84 during the washout period. Serum IGF1 and P-III-P were measured, and GH-2000 score was calculated. Results: IGF1, P-III-P and GH-2000 score rose in response to both low-and high-dose GH in both men and women. When compared with the Caucasian volunteers of the previous GH-2000 study, mean baseline and placebo-treated P-III-P and GH-2000 score were lower in GH-2004 men and women. Post-GH, however, peak IGF1 or P-III-P did not differ between studies but the peak GH-2000 score was lower in GH-2004 men. There was no difference between studies in the maximal change in IGF1, P-III-P and GH-2000 score in response to GH in either gender. Conclusions: These data do not support a significant ethnic effect on the peak or maximal response to rhGH.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The GH-2004 project: the response of IGF1 and type III pro-collagen to the administration of exogenous GH in non-Caucasian amateur athletes

Holt

Erotokritou‐Mulligan

McHugh

et al. 2010

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…However, it took several years from the first description to develop the assays needed according to the requirements established by WADA for approving a test method: two independent sets of assays involving antibodies recognizing different epitopes had to be developed, and the assays had to be thoroughly validated [28]. Furthermore, the assays had to be implemented worldwide in WADA-accredited laboratories [29], and several studies had to be conducted to establish decision limits allowing declaring a sample 'positive' or -to use the more correct term -declare a results an 'adverse analytical finding' . Studies from Japan [30] and China [31] have shown the efficacy as well as the inherent limitations in terms of the window of opportunity.…”

Section: The Isoform Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Detection Methods of Growth Hormone and Growth Factors

Bidlingmaier¹

2012

Developmental Biology of GH Secretion, Growth and Treatment

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Human growth hormone (GH), but also GH related growth factors like the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are known to be abused in sports. Although the scientific evidence supporting a distinct effect of GH on performance in healthy trained subjects is limited, it has been repeatedly found with athletes or trainers, and the recent introduction of a first test to detect GH doping has led to a number of positive cases. Currently, there is no test for the detection of IGF-1 introduced worldwide, but confiscation of the drug from sports teams can be taken as indirect evidence for its abuse. The major biochemical difficulty for the detection of GH is that the recombinant form is identical in physicochemical properties to the endogenous GH secreted by the pituitary gland. Furthermore, the very short half-life of GH in circulation inherently shortens the window of opportunity where the drug can be detected. Two strategies have been followed for more than a decade to develop a test to detect the application of recombinant GH: the marker approach, which is based on the elevation of GH-dependent markers above the level seen under physiological conditions evoked by administration of recombinant GH, and the isoform approach, which is based on a change in the pattern of GH isoforms in circulation following the injection of recombinant GH.

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“…[50] For more than a decade, comprehensive studies were conducted to explore options to screen for and confirm the misuse of hGH, supported by various anti-doping organizations. [51] These options include the currently employed isoform differential immunoassay (also referred to as the 'direct approach') and related strategies focused mainly on the 22 kDa and 20 kDa hGH variants. As a complementary method the socalled 'marker approaches' targets growth hormone responsive proteins -such as the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGFbinding proteins 2 and 3 (IGFBP-2 and -3, respectively), type III procollagen peptide (P-III-P), etc.…”

Section: Growth Hormonementioning

confidence: 99%