Detection of Influenza C Virus Infection among Hospitalized Patients, Cameroon

Njouom, Richard; Monamele, Gwladys Chavely; Ermetal, Burcu; Tchatchouang, Serge; Moyo-Tetang, Sylvie; McCauley, John W.; Daniels, Rodney S.

doi:10.3201/eid2503.181213

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A Japanese longitudinal study of 190 ICV isolates collected over seven years found that nearly all were <6 years old, with the highest rates of infection in children 1-2 years old [60]. Rates of detection of ICV in outpatient or hospitalized children with acute respiratory illness have ranged from 0.7-10% in studies from Australia, Canada, Cuba, India, Italy, Japan, Nigeria, Peru, Scotland, and Spain [1,12,20,61,63,68,70,[91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102]. Most of these studies found higher rates of ICV infection in younger children.…”

Section: Icv In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ICV infection is more commonly associated with hospitalization and lower respiratory disease in young children (Table 1). ICV-associated hospitalization occurs most often among children <3 years of age and cases of Intensive Care Unit admission among infants with prematurity and congenital heart disease have been described, as well as otherwise healthy young children [1,100,103]. Among children hospitalized for ICV infection, co-morbidity is reported in 58-80% of cases [1,103].…”

Section: Clinical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus

Sederdahl

Williams

2020

Viruses

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Influenza C virus (ICV) is a common yet under-recognized cause of acute respiratory illness. ICV seropositivity has been found to be as high as 90% by 7-10 years of age, suggesting that most people are exposed to ICV at least once during childhood. Due to difficulty detecting ICV by cell culture, epidemiologic studies of ICV likely have underestimated the burden of ICV infection and disease. Recent development of highly sensitive RT-PCR has facilitated epidemiologic studies that provide further insights into the prevalence, seasonality, and course of ICV infection. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ICV.

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Section: Icv In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus

Sederdahl

Williams

2020

Viruses

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“…Overall, as summarized in Atkinson et al ( 10 ), seropositivity has been reported to be between 57 and 100%, being lower in children and rising in adulthood. ICV has been considered a pathogen of low significance, as it generally causes mild disease or clinically inapparent infection ( 9 , 11 , 12 ), but in recent years it has become increasingly apparent that the virus can be associated with severe disease, notably in children with lower respiratory tract infections ( 12 – 18 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Influenza C Viruses from Outbreaks in Hong Kong SAR, China

Daniels

Tse²,

Ermetal

et al. 2020

J Virol

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In 2014 the Centre for Health Protection in Hong Kong introduced screening for influenza C virus (ICV) as part of its routine surveillance for infectious agents in specimens collected from patients presenting with symptoms of respiratory viral infection, including Influenza-Like Illness. A retrospective analysis of ICV detections up to week 26/2019 revealed persistent low-level circulation with two outbreaks having occurred in the winters of 2015-16 and 2017-18. These outbreaks occurred at the same time as, and were dwarfed by, seasonal epidemics of influenza types A and B. Gene sequencing studies on stored ICV-positive clinical specimens from the two outbreaks have shown the HE genes of the viruses to fall in two of the six recognised genetic lineages (represented by C/Kanagawa/1/76 and C/São Paulo/378/82) with there being significant genetic drift compared to earlier circulating viruses within both lineages. The location of a number of encoded amino acid substitutions in HEF glycoproteins suggests antigenic drift may also have occurred. Observations of ICV outbreaks in other countries, with some of the infections being associated with severe disease, indicates that ICV infection has the potential to have significant clinical and health care impact in humans. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus infection of humans is common and re-infection can occur throughout life. While symptoms are generally mild, severe disease cases have been reported, but knowledge of the virus is limited as little systematic surveillance for influenza C virus is conducted and the virus cannot be studied by classical virologic methods as the virus cannot be readily isolated in laboratories. A combination of systematic surveillance in Hong Kong SAR, China and new gene sequencing methods has been used in this study to assess influenza C virus evolution and provided evidence for a two-year cycle of disease outbreaks. The results of studies like that reported here are key to developing an understanding of the impact of influenza C virus infection in humans and how virus evolution might be associated with epidemics.

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“…Unlike influenza A and B viruses, influenza C viruses typically cause mild illness. However, in recent years, severe illness in children infected by influenza C virus has raised concerns over the lack of virus-specific therapeutics and vaccines ( 4 ). Recently discovered influenza D viruses were isolated from swine and bovines.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%