Detection of mecA gene and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from milk and risk factors from farms in Probolinggo, Indonesia

Khairullah, Aswin Rafif; Rehman, Saifur; Sudjarwo, Sri Agus; Effendi, Mustofa Helmi; Ramandinianto, Sancaka Chasyer; Gelolodo, Maria Aega; Widodo, Agus; Riwu, Katty Hendriana Priscilia; Kusumawati, Dyah

doi:10.12688/f1000research.122225.1

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacteria. It causes several human illnesses, including Staphylococcal, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, endocarditis, abscesses, and impetigo (Rahmaniar et al 2020;Decline et al 2020;Khairullah et al 2022b), and various infectious diseases in immunocompetent hosts, from the skin to systemic infections (Rossi et al 2020). The second group was numerous coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that are often present on the skin and mucous membranes of both animals and humans as a normal and natural microbiota (Michalik et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in cow milk and hands of farmers in East Java, Indonesia

et al. 2023

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Abstract. Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Afnani DA, Silaen OSM, Putra GDS, Riwu KHP, Widodo A, Ramandinianto SC. 2023. Detection of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in cow milk and hands of farmers in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 658-664. Cow milk is a nutrient-dense food containing various nutrients, i.e., carbohydrates, fat, and protein. However, it can potentially spread several pathogenic bacteria, such as staphylococci. Staphylococci cause public health problems. Staphylococcal strains were divided into two groups based on coagulase characteristics, namely coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Coagulase-positive was represented by Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus and CoNS can become resistant to several antibiotics, known as multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. S. aureus and CoNS bacteria are known as causal agents in human infections. This study aims to identify the presence of multidrug resistance S. aureus and CoNS bacteria in several dairy farms in East Java, Indonesia. We collected 332 milk and 125 swab samples from the hand of farmers from several dairy farms in Probolinggo, Tulungagung, and Blitar of East Java, Indonesia. The collected S. aureus and CoNS were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. The antibiotic used were cefoxitin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and oxacillin. The results of isolation and identification based on morphological and biochemical characteristics showed that out of 457 samples, 291 samples (63.68%) were positive for S. aureus, and 166 samples (36.32%) were positive for CoNs. There were 15 S. aureus isolates (5.15%) and 7 CoNS isolates (4.22%) confirmed as MDR; therefore, it is confirmed that S. aureus and CoNS resistance to various drugs was very high in the province of East Java. Intensive livestock systems, high livestock densities, and excessive use of antibiotics in modern dairy systems may predispose the developing growth of MDR S. aureus and CoNS infections. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate the presence of very high multidrug resistant S. aureus and CoNS in the East Java provinces. MDR bacteria can be prevented from spreading by improving biosecurity, hygiene in the milking process, and regular health care for animals and dairy workers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in cow milk and hands of farmers in East Java, Indonesia

et al. 2023

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“…Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus CC398 infection in pigs was first discovered and reported in several European countries, such as Denmark [ 33 ], Italy [ 42 ], Spain [ 43 ], Germany [ 44 ], and Portugal [ 45 ]. Then, it was reported in North America [ 46 ], South Africa [ 47 ], Australia [ 48 ], and Asia [ 49 ]. Initially, LA-MRSA CC398 was only associated with pigs.…”

Section: Livestock-associated Methicillin-resistant S Aureusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms

et al. 2023

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.

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“…Most MRSA infections in dairy farms were linked to continuous antibiotics used on dairy cows that may not shift (Khairullah et al, 2022a) and to the physical contact between dairy cows and milkers during milking (Gopal & Divya, 2017). Therefore, it is possible for this infection to be derived through milk from the hands of farmers when milking (Khairullah et al, 2022b). Sendang District in Tulungagung, East Java Province, Indonesia, is home to one of Indonesia's main milk production hubs (Parmawati, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of the mecA gene encoding MRSA is widely used to confirm the presence of MRSA, this method cannot be carried out in all laboratories due to cost and resource limitations (Pournajaf et al, 2014). Finding MRSA, it is possible to circumvent the limitations of PCR by employing the disk diffusion method with cefoxitin and oxacillin, followed by an inquiry using ORSAB (Khairullah et al, 2022b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolation and mecA Gene Detection from Milk and Farmer Hand Swab in Tulungagung, Indonesia

Khairullah¹,

Kurniawan²,

Silaen³

et al. 2023

Trop. Anim. Sci. J.

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Dairy farms have a high incidence of MRSA infections due to the repeated use of the same medicines on dairy cows and the physical contact between farmers and cows during milking. This study evaluated the incidence of MRSA in dairy cow milk and farmer hand swabs in Tulungagung, Indonesia. Using oxacillin and cefoxitin diffusion disks, phenotypic detection approaches were evaluated, then transferred to the Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base (ORSAB) test and genotypically verified using PCR to find the mecA gene encoding MRSA. One hundred ten dairy cow milk samples and 45 farmer's hand swabs were collected from Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) was used for cultivation and purification. The disk-diffusion test used oxacillin and cefoxitin to identify S. aureus resistance. Oxacillin and cefoxitin-resistant S. aureus isolates were tested for MRSA using ORSAB. In addition, MRSA isolates were PCR-tested for the mecA gene. S. aureus was found in 110 (70.97%) of 155 isolates. Of the total 110 isolates of S. aureus, 16 (14.54%) and 39 (35.45%) were known to be resistant to Cefoxitin and Oxacillin, respectively. When tested with ORSAB, 23 isolates from 55 resistant isolates showed positive results for MRSA. Dairy milk was the source of most MRSA, which is 15 isolates, while hand swabs only carried 8 isolates. However, PCR analysis only found mecA gene in two isolates. According to this study, many MRSA isolates were found in dairy farms in Tulungagung, Indonesia, but only a few have the mecA gene.

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Detection of mecA gene and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from milk and risk factors from farms in Probolinggo, Indonesia

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in cow milk and hands of farmers in East Java, Indonesia

Detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in cow milk and hands of farmers in East Java, Indonesia

A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolation and mecA Gene Detection from Milk and Farmer Hand Swab in Tulungagung, Indonesia

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