Detection of Stanozolol and Its Major Metabolites in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Detection of stanozolol O‐ and N‐sulfate metabolites and their evaluation as additional markers in doping control

“…[10,14,15] GC-MS(/MS) has been the technology traditionally used for the detection of steroids but it presents some limitations due to the need of derivatization, especially challenging for steroid metabolites with a highly conjugated system or containing a large number of hydroxyl groups. [17] This technique presented several advantages such as the reduction of sample pretreatment and the possibility of detecting the other hydroxylated metabolites, 4STAN and 16STAN (with poor GC-MS qualities). [17] This technique presented several advantages such as the reduction of sample pretreatment and the possibility of detecting the other hydroxylated metabolites, 4STAN and 16STAN (with poor GC-MS qualities).…”

“…[16] The detection of this metabolite was latter achieved using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). [17] Besides the benefits aforementioned, the implementation of LC-MS/MS technology represented an excellent alternative that provided a gain in sensitivity resulting in continuously decreasing limits of detection (LODs) and the possibility to directly detect phase II metabolites. These metabolites showed considerable greater concentrations in some athlete's samples.…”

“…[17] This technique presented several advantages such as the reduction of sample pretreatment and the possibility of detecting the other hydroxylated metabolites, 4STAN and 16STAN (with poor GC-MS qualities). [17][18][19] The utility of direct analysis of glucuronides together with the commercialization of 3'-hydroxy-stanozolol glucuronide (3STAN-G) (Figure 1, 6) allowed the development of a method that permitted limits of detection of 25-50 pg/mL. [17] Besides the benefits aforementioned, the implementation of LC-MS/MS technology represented an excellent alternative that provided a gain in sensitivity resulting in continuously decreasing limits of detection (LODs) and the possibility to directly detect phase II metabolites.…”

LC/MS/MS for identification of in vivo and in vitro metabolites of jatrorrhizine

“…LC/MS/MS has been proved to be a modern powerful tool for the identification of drug metabolites in biological matrices owing to the high sensitivity and selectivity (Thevis et al, 2006;Chen et al, 2007;Chan et al, 2003), especially for the identification of thermolabile, highly polar and non-volatile metabolites due to the application of soft-ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI) technique (Xing et al, 2007;Smyth, 2003Smyth, , 2005. Because metabolites retain the basic structure of the parent drug after biotransformation, the mass spectral fragmentation behavior of the parent drug can be used as a structural template for interpreting the structures of metabolites (Appolonova et al, 2004;Chung et al, 2004).…”

Comparison between triple quadrupole, time of flight and hybrid quadrupole time of flight analysers coupled to liquid chromatography for the detection of anabolic steroids in doping control analysis

“…Additionally, the selection of a specific SRM transition can minimize the endogenous urinary interferences [15]. Using this approach, free [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] or conjugated steroids [24][25][26] could be detected in different doping relevant matrices such as human [16][17][18][19][24][25][26] and horse urine [20], dietary supplements [21], plasma [22] or hair [23]. The main limitation of this approach (common to all LC-MS approaches) is the poor ionization of steroids which do not have a conjugated keto moiety [27].…”