“…Various other techniques such as sliding window technique [ 91 ], Multi Resolution Gabor Transform [ 115 ], Gaussian kernels [ 144 ], intensity-based techniques [ 66 , 79 ], statistical classifier [ 5 , 61 ], Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [ 46 , 67 ], Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Semantic Image Transformation (SIT) [ 24 ], entropy-based backtracking approach [ 63 ], ON detection algorithm [ 133 ], deformable models [ 88 , 100 ] and Locally Statistical Active Contour Model with the Structure Prior (LSACM-SP) approach [ 146 ] are also used to accomplish the purpose of feature segmentation and extraction, for DR detection. DR classification is performed using Clustering [ 5 , 46 , 51 , 88 , 91 , 116 , 145 ], ensemble techniques [ 13 , 14 , 18 , 141 ], SVM [ 22 , 63 , 108 ], Sparse Representation Classifier (SRC) [ 71 ], Neural Networks [ 42 , 68 , 85 , 126 , 135 ], Random Forest Classifier (RFC) [ 61 , 62 , 125 ], SVM based hybrid classifier [ 5 ], Majority Voting (MV ) [ 53 ] etc. Supervised classification techniques such as KNN classification [ 37 , 93 ], Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Naive Bayes (NB) [ 17 ], Bayesian classifier [ 55 ], cascade Adaboost CNN classifier [ 8 ], Naïve–Bayes and Decision Tree (DT) C4.5 enhanced with bagging techniques [ 46 ], etc.…”