Detection of the synthetic drug 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) in serum and urine

Röhrich, J.; Becker, Jürgen C.; Kaufmann, Thomas; Zörntlein, Siegfried; Urban, R.

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.04.004

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Oral exposure like this is reported to be most frequent but compared to nasal insufflation, absorption may have been slower and bioavailability may have been lower due to first‐pass metabolism. In cases of suspected driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), 4‐FA concentrations were in 13 cases in median 0.021 (whole blood, range 0.006 to 0.43) mg/kg, 90.0 and 89.9 ng/mL and 350 and 475 ng/mL . In the four cases with concentrations in the range of 320 to 500 ng/mL concentrations were higher than the C max found in the present study after ingestion of a dose of 100 mg (Table ) and were in the range of the C max values found after ingestion of the 150 mg dose, which confirms estimations on typical dosages (40–200 mg).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

“…In cases of suspected driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), 4‐FA concentrations were in 13 cases in median 0.021 (whole blood, range 0.006 to 0.43) mg/kg, 90.0 and 89.9 ng/mL and 350 and 475 ng/mL . In the four cases with concentrations in the range of 320 to 500 ng/mL concentrations were higher than the C max found in the present study after ingestion of a dose of 100 mg (Table ) and were in the range of the C max values found after ingestion of the 150 mg dose, which confirms estimations on typical dosages (40–200 mg). However, a rather low concentration has been found in an intoxication case with life threatening cardiotoxicity where only 4‐FA was detected (5 hours after ingestion 118 ng/mL).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

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Pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion

Toennes

Schneider

Pogoda

et al. 2019

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Introduction Each year, synthetic drugs occur in high numbers on the illicit drug market. But data on their pharmacology and toxicology are scarce. Therefore, a controlled study was performed to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters of 4‐fluoroamphetamine (4‐FA) in humans and to compare it with effects. Methods Twelve subjects ingested 100 mg and five subjects also received 150 mg 4‐FA in a bitter lemon drink. Blood and oral fluid samples were taken during the following 12 hours and analyzed for 4‐FA and traces of amphetamine as impurity by liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Results For 12 hours after ingestion, the concentration‐time course of 4‐FA was similar to that of amphetamine with maximal concentrations appearing in serum after about 2 hours (in median 195 ng/mL after the 100 mg dose, range 155–316 ng/mL). The elimination half‐life was approximately 8–9 hours and shorter than that of amphetamine but it exhibited a marked variation (5.5–16.8 hours). In oral fluid, 4‐FA could also be detected for 12 hours and concentrations were higher than in serum. During the first 3 hours after ingestion concentrations were higher, most probably due to oral contamination. Serum concentrations in forensic cases were in the range of those observed in the present study suggesting dosages in recreational use in the range of those tested here. Conclusions The pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐FA are similar to that of amphetamine including a marked variation in elimination. However, recreational dosages may already exhibit prominent adverse effects and may even have life‐threatening consequences.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 51%

Pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion

Toennes

Schneider

Pogoda

et al. 2019

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Para-(4)-phenyl-substituted amphetamines, which have emerged in recent years, with novel psychoactive substances and forensic cases (Helander et al, 2014;Johansen and Hansen, 2012;Rohrich et al, 2012;Rust et al, 2012). Users report that the subjective effects of 4-methlylmethcathinone (Carhart-Harris et al, 2011) and 4-fluoroamphetamine (Erowid, 2014) are comparable to those of MDMA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: Para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones

Rickli

Hoener

Liechti

2015

European Neuropsychopharmacology

169

188

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The pharmacology of novel psychoactive substances is mostly unknown. We evaluated the transporter and receptor interaction profiles of a series of para-(4)-substituted amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones. We tested the potency of these compounds to inhibit the norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) transporters (NET, DAT, and SERT, respectively) using human embryonic kidney 293 cells that express the respective human transporters. We also tested the substance-induced efflux of NE, DA, and 5-HT from monoamine-loaded cells, binding affinities to monoamine receptors, and 5-HT 2B receptor activation.Para- (4)

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“…enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) [1][2][3]. They are commonly used as first line screening methods in urine, blood or other bio-fluids [4][5][6][7]. The screening is performed with rapid on-site devices based on an immunoenzymatic reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid label-free determination of ketamine in whole blood using secondary ion mass spectrometry

Liao

Chen

Shyue

et al. 2015

Talanta

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Detection of the synthetic drug 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) in serum and urine

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion

Pharmacokinetic properties of 4‐fluoroamphetamine in serum and oral fluid after oral ingestion

Monoamine transporter and receptor interaction profiles of novel psychoactive substances: Para-halogenated amphetamines and pyrovalerone cathinones

Rapid label-free determination of ketamine in whole blood using secondary ion mass spectrometry

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