Detection of Urinary Molecular Marker Test in Urothelial Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Methods and Accuracy

Abstract

Early detection of bladder cancer has a positive impact on prognosis. A variety of biomarkers have been developed to detect bladder tumors in urine early and reduce the need for cystoscopy. To detect bladder cancer, several methods are available, but their accuracy varies according to the sensitivity and specificity of each method. This review aims to highlight the established detection methods for bladder cancer based on the available literature. In addition, we aim to identify the combination of different effective detection methods that provides the highest degree of accuracy. In our study, a keyword retrieval method was used to search for appropriate English-language references. This bibliography has been indexed in PubMed and Scopus or has been found through systematic searches from 2015 to 2022. Based on an analysis of international guidelines, it has been revealed that there are numerous discrepancies and unresolved issues. The discovery of an ideal detection method for urothelial cell carcinoma biomarkers has been the subject of numerous efforts. In recent years, a wide range of off-label, experimental, novel, and combined approaches have been published on this topic. This review can contribute to the identification of accurate methods of detecting bladder cancer and highlight areas for future research that can be improved.

Noninvasive Detection of Bladder Cancer Markers Based on Gold Nanomushrooms and Sandwich Immunoassays

“…BTA STAT and BTA TRAK detect CFH by immunoassay and can be used for point-of-care urinalysis. BTA STAT showed 64% sensitivity and 77% specificity, whereas BTA TRAK demonstrated 65% sensitivity and 74% specificity . The cut-off value of CFH for the diagnosis of bladder cancer was 14 U/mL .…”

“…Detection of urinary NMP22 ensured 61% sensitivity and 71% specificity in the NMP22 ELISA test while 61.9% sensitivity and 89.8% specificity in fast screening reagent . The cut-off value of NMP22 is 10 U/mL . Similar to CFH, the NMP22 cut-off value was expressed in the unit of Unit/mL.…”

“…58 The cut-off value of NMP22 is 10 U/mL. 49 Similar to CFH, the NMP22 cut-off value was expressed in the unit of Unit/mL. Ning et al detected NMP22 in urine samples from normal human and bladder cancer patients using ELISA and the electrochemical method.…”

“…BTA STAT showed 64% sensitivity and 77% specificity, whereas BTA TRAK demonstrated 65% sensitivity and 74% specificity. 49 The cut-off value of CFH for the diagnosis of bladder cancer was 14 U/mL. 5 This unit of concentration differs from ng/mL.…”

Untargeted urinary metabolomics for bladder cancer biomarker screening with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry

“…Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common urinary tract cancers affecting men and women 3 . The incidence of this cancer depends mainly on age, sex, carcinogenic factors, diet, and alcohol consumption or smoking 4 .…”