Determinants of chronic energy deficiency among non-pregnant and non-lactating women of reproductive age in rural Kebeles of Dera District, North West Ethiopia, 2019: Unmatched case control study

Abstract

Background In Ethiopia about 25% of rural women are chronically malnourished. Non-pregnant and non-lactating women present an opportunity to implement strategies to correct maternal and child health status and to potentiate improved pregnancy outcomes in developing countries like Ethiopia. The determinant factors of chronic energy deficiency vary across settings and contexts; hence, it is important to identify local determinant factors in order to implement effective and efficient intervention strategies. Objective To assess the determinants of chronic energy deficiency of non-pregnant, non-lactating rural women within the reproductive age group (15–49 years), in rural kebeles of Dera district, North West Ethiopia, 2019. Methods A community based unmatched case control study was conducted. A total of 552 participants were involved and a multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the samples. Data was collected from January 15 to February 30, 2019 using face-to-face interviews and anthropometric assessments. EPI-info version 7 and SPSS™ version 23 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables. Association was considered statistically significant at 95% CI with p-value < 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression. Result A total of 548 non-pregnant, non-lactating women with 137 cases and 411 controls were included in the study with a response rate of 99.3%. High family size (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.085, 3.275), low educational status (AOR = 3.389, 95% CI: 1.075, 10.683), inadequate meal frequency (AOR = 5.345, 95% CI: 2.266, 12.608), absence of home garden (AOR = 5.612, 95% CI: 3.177, 9.915) and absence of latrine facility (AOR = 6.365, 95% CI: 3.534, 11.462) were found positively associated with chronic energy deficiency. Conclusion and recommendation Inadequate meal frequency, absence of home gardening, absence of latrine facility, high family size and educational status of illiterate were the determinants of chronic energy deficiency, thus indicating the imperative for a multi-sectoral approach with health, agriculture and education entities developing and delivering interventions.

Preconception Care Behavior Among High-Risk Women of Childbearing Age

“…The study results in Wonorejo Village showed that 25.6% of women of childbearing age had a high risk of experiencing CED. A similar picture occurs in a study in Ethiopia that 25% of high-risk women of childbearing age living in rural areas are malnourished (Wubie et al, 2020). It is due to the frequency of unbalanced nutritional intake due to daily consumption habits adjusted to the amount of income.…”

Serum concentration of zinc, copper, iron, and its associated factors among pregnant women of small-scale farming in western Ethiopia

“…This is supported by studies conducted in the southwest of Ethiopia 34 . This trend may reflect that women without formal education may be unaware of health and nutrition-related issues that jeopardize their health and nutritional conditions 48 . Moreover, women with a higher educational level are expected to have greater employment options and be wealthier, making them less vulnerable to food insecurity, creating more independent decisions, and accessing household resources that are crucial to their nutritional well-being 39 .…”

Experiences of midwives in implementing the fifth stage of function in the integrated service posts to prevent anemia in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

“…Pregnant women who experience an iron deficiency in the body, disrupting the formation of red blood cells (Morrison & Marc, 2011). Meanwhile, chronic energy deficiency in pregnant women is caused by a lack of nutrients such as calories and protein (Wubie et al, 2020). Midwives, in carrying out their duties, have a scope of services in providing the supply of Fe tablets for pregnant women and providing additional food at Posyandu (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 2010).…”