Determinants of the distribution of springs in the upper part of a flysch ridge in the Bieszczady Mountains in southeastern Poland

Abstract

Research has shown that the distribution of springs in flysch areas is affected by complex determinants consisting of interdependent geological and morphological factors. The most important factor appears to be the layering of rocks relative to the slope of the given mountain, which affects both the number and discharge of springs. Some springs arise due to tectonic faults and fractures. In addition, the very presence of any slope positively affects the probability of the occurrence of a spring in a given area.

Multiannual variability of spring discharge in Southern Poland

“…is typical not only for the Carpathian flysch (Mocior et al, 2015) but also for crystalline rocks (Buczyński and Rzonca, 2011). Moreover, regarding to hydrogeological properties of the aquifer, fissure springs are the most common ones (Flora, 2004;Springer and Stevens, 2008).…”

Spring recharge and groundwater flow patterns in flysch aquifer in the Połonina Wetlińska Massif in the Carpathian Mountains

“…5. Despite their location close to the ridge line and the small areas of topographic catchments (from 0.04 to 0.38 km 2 ), the springs under investigation are characterized by relatively high discharge rates for springs draining a flysch bedrock and they flow almost continuously (Mocior et al 2015;Mostowik et al 2016;Płaczkowska et al 2018). Average spring discharges ranged from 3.3 to 9.6 dm 3 •s -1 in the period 2013-2016, while averages in individual years showed significant differences (Fig.…”

“…2, Table 1), depending on Malata et al 2006;Haczewski et al 2007), a -peaks, b -springs mapped in the zone above 900 m a.s.l. (after Mocior et al 2015), c -numbered studied springs (numbering of springs according to Płaczkowska et al 2018), d -strike and dip, e -streams, f -faults, g -line of cross section, h -sandstone-shale member, i -shale-sandstone member; (C) the weather stations' location (black dots); (D) Geologic cross section through the Połonina Wetlińska, red rectangle shows the extent of conceptual models on Fig. 6.…”

“…Therefore, the identification of springs of discharge periodically exceeding 40 dm 3 •s -1 in the Połonina Wetlińska Massif (the High Bieszczady Mountains, Polish Flysch Carpathians) was a significant change. On the one hand, it shed completely new light on the mechanisms of groundwater flow patterns in flysch rocks (Mocior et al 2015;Mostowik et al 2016;Płaczkowska et al 2018). On the other hand, it provided the opportunity to carry out more detailed research based on the interpretation of hydrographs of these springs, currently treated as valuable observation sites.…”

Methods to investigate the hydrology of the Himalayan springs: a review

“…When data are limited, satellite remote sensing techniques have been used to develop datasets at sub-basin and basin scales. Other tools used to develop maps include artificial neural networks (Corsini et al 2009;Mocior et al 2015), geographic information systems (GIS) (Remondo and Oguchi 2009;Pourtaghi and Pourghasemi 2014), bivariate statistical models and GIS (Moghaddam et al 2013), surveys (Barquín and Scarsbrook 2008), analytic hierarchy process and GIS (Rahmati et al 2014), binary logistic regression method and GIS (Ozdemir 2011), cluster analysis (Michalik 2008), frequency ratio and certainty factor models (Razandi et al 2015), and near surface temperature measurements (Eppelbaum et al 2014).…”