Determination of carcinogenic herbicides in milk samples using green non-ionic silicone surfactant of cloud point extraction and spectrophotometry

Abstract

A new cloud point methodology was successfully used for the extraction of carcinogenic pesticides in milk samples as a prior step to their determination by spectrophotometry. In this work, non-ionic silicone surfactant, also known as 3-(3-hydroxypropyl-heptatrimethylxyloxane), was chosen as a green extraction solvent because of its structure and properties. The effect of different parameters, such as the type of surfactant, concentration and volume of surfactant, pH, salt, temperature, incubation time and water content on the cloud point extraction of carcinogenic pesticides such as atrazine and propazine, was studied in detail and a set of optimum conditions was established. A good correlation coefficient (R2) in the range of 0.991–0.997 for all calibration curves was obtained. The limit of detection was 1.06 µg l−1 (atrazine) and 1.22 µg l−1 (propazine), and the limit of quantitation was 3.54 µg l−1 (atrazine) and 4.07 µg l−1 (propazine). Satisfactory recoveries in the range of 81–108% were determined in milk samples at 5 and 1000 µg l−1, respectively, with low relative standard deviation, n = 3 of 0.301–7.45% in milk matrices. The proposed method is very convenient, rapid, cost-effective and environmentally friendly for food analysis.

Optimization and validation of the kinetic spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of the pesticide atrazine and its application in infant formulae and cereal‐based baby food

“…The limit of detection was 1.06 μg L −1 . The calibration graph was obtained in the range of 5–2000 μg L −1 . In the second spectrophotometric method (reported by the same authors) the limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.09–0.59 and 0.31–1.95 mg L −1 in water samples, respectively .…”

Development of an Ecological-friendly Method for Dexamethasone Determination and Cloud Point Extraction in pharmaceutical formulations using Schiff Base Reaction

“…Depend on that, TX-100 volume was studied in the range of 0.25 to 2.0 mL. As shown in the figure .10, the absorbance increased as the volume of TX-100 was from 0.25 to 1.25 mL and decreased at a higher volume of TX-100 surfactant, because the analytical signal deteriorates due to an increase in the volume and viscosity of the surfactant phase [32]. Therefore, 1.25mL of TX-100 surfactant was selected as the optimum condition.…”

The Fundamentals and Recent Applications of Micellar System Extraction for Nanoparticles and Bioactive Molecules: A Review

“…Metal ions, for example, should be chelated with a suitable reagent before MSE to convert them to hydrophobic species [7,8]. However, organic molecules (proteins, phenols, azo compounds, drugs and others) may be separated without chelation [28][29][30].…”