Determination of chloramphenicol in pharmaceutical preparations by the cadmium ion-selective electrode, spectrophotometry and atomic-absorption spectrometry

Past and Present of Electrochemical Sensors and Methods for Amphenicol Antibiotic Analysis

“…A very early study described an indirect potentiometric method for CAP quantification. The method principle consisted of the CAP reduction with metallic cadmium and the potentiometric titration with EDTA of the Cd 2+ formed in the reaction using a cadmium ion-selective electrode [ 126 ]. A carbon paste electrode based on CAP-molecularly-imprinted methacrylic acid, MWCNTs, nanosilica, the ionic liquid (1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) and graphite presented a Nernstian slope of 59.1 ± 0.4 mV/decade, a linear range from 1.00 × 10 −6 to 1.00 × 10 −2 mol/L, a limit of detection of 1.00 × 10 −6 mol/L CAP and it was applied to CAP determination in pharmaceutical tablets [ 127 ].…”

Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Chloramphenicol in Pharmaceutical Preparations using o-Chloranil Reagent

“…Various analytical methods have been used for the determination of Chloramphenicol, which include official method [7,8], chromatography [9,10], ion-selective electrode technique [11], chemiluminescence [12,13], titrimetry [14,15], electrochemical techniques [16], flow-injection biamperometric method [17], atomic absorption spectrometry [18]. Many Spectrophotometric methods, depending on reduction of nitro group, have been reported for determination of chloramphenicol using various reagents such as isonicotinic acid hydrazide [19], N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine [20], trisodium pentacyanoaminoferrate [21], Ninhydrin [22], iminodibenzyl, 3-aminophenol, pyrocatechol and molybdate [23], orthogonal polynomials [24], ammonium molybdate [25] and pdimethylaminobenzaldehyde [26]. However; some of these methods suffer from disadvantages such as low sensitivity and narrow range of determination, tedious and needing extraction, using organic medium, and either require a long time for stable color development or exhibit instability of the colored product.…”

Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Chloramphenicol in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using 7,7',8,8'-tetracyanoquinodimethane reagent

“…Various analytical methods have been used for the determination of chloramphenicol, which include official method [7,8] , high-performance liquid chromatography [9][10][11] , gas chromatography [12] , displacement chromatography [13] , ion-selective electrode technique [14] , electrogenerated chemiluminescence [15] , titrimetry [16][17][18] , electrochemical techniques [19] , flow-injection biamperometric method [20] , bioluminescence micro method [21] , enhanced chemiluminescence method employing an online photochemical reaction [22] , atomic absorption spectrometry [23] . Many Spectrophotometric methods, depending on reduction of nitro group, have been reported for determination of chloramphenicol using various reagents such as isonicotinic acid hydrazide [24] , N-(1naphthyl)ethylenediamine [25] , trisodium pentacyanoaminoferrate [26] , Ninhydrin [27] , iminodibenzyl, 3-aminophenol and pyrocatechol molybdate [28] , orthogonal polynomials [29] , ammonium molybdate [30] and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde [31] . However; some of these methods suffer from disadvantages such as low sensitivity and narrow range of determination, tedious and needing extraction, heating and either require a long time for stable color development or exhibit instability of the colored product.…”