Determination of Fire Parameters of Polyamide 12 Powder for Additive Technologies

Kuracina, Richard; Szabová, Zuzana; Buranská, Eva; Pastierová, Alica; Gogola, Peter; Buranský, Ivan

doi:10.3390/polym13173014

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Advances in Polymer Technology agreement with previous studies [30][31][32][33]. From Figure 6, it is clear that PA shows a peak at a wave number of 3290 cm -1 , related to hydrogen-bonded N-H stretching.…”

Section: Chemical Analysis By Ftirsupporting

confidence: 90%

Studying the Fabrication and Characterization of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Waste Eggshell Powder

Alkaron

Hamad

Sabri

2023

Advances in Polymer Technology

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Polymeric and plastic materials currently have numerous positive impacts due to their unique properties that make them important for various engineering applications. However, sustainability is a vital factor that should be considered, because of environmental issues. Eggshells (ES) are an important way to reduce the impact of nondegradable materials when applied to reinforce different types of polymer matrices, whether natural or synthetic polymers. Therefore, this study is an attempt to explore the potential application of waste eggshell fillers for the first time as a natural reinforcement in polyamide 12 (PA) composites. PA was loaded with three different ratios (3, 5, and 10 wt. %) of eggshell powder. Morphological studies of the PA powder, ES powder, and their composites were carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were performed to study the thermal and chemical properties of the raw materials and the produced composites. The results indicate ES fillers’ potential usage as a reinforcement material to develop the thermal and chemical properties of the PA polymer matrix composites, thereby reducing costs and minimizing the environmental pollution caused by waste eggshells and petroleum-based polymers.

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Section: Chemical Analysis By Ftirsupporting

confidence: 90%

Studying the Fabrication and Characterization of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Waste Eggshell Powder

Alkaron

Hamad

Sabri

2023

Advances in Polymer Technology

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“…No significant differences in the IR spectrum were observed for PA-12 after artificial ageing compared to the non-sterilised state ( Figure 6 and Figure 7 , Table 7 ). A similar effect was observed for samples with ceramic fillers, but there were visible effects of surface modification with nitrogen and silicon compounds, which originate from APTES [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Detailed results for these samples are shown in the table ( Table 8 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

“…The results from the IR measurements are presented below ( Figure 6 , Figure 7 , Figure 8 , Figure 9 and Figure 10 ). The identified characteristic bands are presented in Table 7 and Table 8 for pure PA-12 and samples with ceramic fillers, respectively [ 29 , 30 ]. The IR pattern of pure PA12 before and after artificial ageing are found in Figure 6 and Figure 7 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PA-12-Zirconia-Alumina-Cenospheres 3D Printed Composites: Accelerated Ageing and Role of the Sterilisation Process for Physicochemical Properties

et al. 2022

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The aim of this study was to conduct artificial ageing tests on polymer-ceramic composites prepared from polyamide PA-12 polymer matrix for medical applications and three different variants of ceramic fillers: zirconia, alumina and cenospheres. Before ageing, the samples were subjected to ethyl oxide sterilization. The composite variants were prepared for 3D printing using the fused deposition modeling method. The control group consisted of unsterilized samples. Samples were subjected to artificial ageing in a high-pressure autoclave. Ageing conditions were calculated from the modified Hammerlich Arrhenius kinetic equation. Ageing was carried out in artificial saliva. After ageing the composites were subjected to mechanical (tensile strength, hardness, surface roughness) testing, chemical and structural (MS, FTIR) analysis, electron microscopy observations (SEM/EDS) and absorbability measurements.

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“…In our previous study, the polymer powder PA12 Sinterit utilized in laser sintering was found to be known for exhibiting explosive characteristics. The highest explosion overpressure recorded for the sample was 6.78 bar at a concentration of 750 g•m −3 [20].…”

Section: Polyamide (Pa) 12mentioning

confidence: 95%

Study into the Fire and Explosion Characteristics of Polymer Powders Used in Engineering Production Technologies

Kuracina,

Szabová,

Buranská

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Polymers and their processing by engineering production technologies (injection, molding or additive manufacturing) are increasingly being used. Polymers used in engineering production technologies are constantly being developed and their properties are being improved. Granulometry, X-ray, FTIR and TGA were used to characterize polymer samples. Determination of the fire parameters of powder samples of polyamide (PA) 12, polypropylene, and ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene is the subject of the current article. An explosive atmosphere can be created by the powder form of these polymer materials, and introduction of preventive safeguards to ensure safety is required for their use. Although the fire parameters of these basic types of polymers are available in databases (e.g., GESTIS-DustEx), our results showed that one of the samples used (polypropylene) was not flammable and thus is safe for use in terms of explosiveness. Two samples were flammable and explosive. The lower explosive limit was 30 g·m−3 (PA12) and 60 g·m−3 (UHMW polyethylene). The maximum explosion pressure of the samples was 6.47 (UHMW polyethylene) and 6.76 bar (PA12). The explosion constant, Kst, of the samples was 116.6 bar·m·s−1 (PA12) and 97.1 bar·m·s−1 (UHMW polyethylene). Therefore, when using polymers in production technologies, it is necessary to know their fire parameters, and to design effective explosion prevention (e.g., ventilation, explosive-proof material, etc.) measures for flammable and explosive polymers.

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Determination of Fire Parameters of Polyamide 12 Powder for Additive Technologies

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

Studying the Fabrication and Characterization of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Waste Eggshell Powder

Studying the Fabrication and Characterization of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Waste Eggshell Powder

PA-12-Zirconia-Alumina-Cenospheres 3D Printed Composites: Accelerated Ageing and Role of the Sterilisation Process for Physicochemical Properties

Study into the Fire and Explosion Characteristics of Polymer Powders Used in Engineering Production Technologies

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