Determination of Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid, Tocopherol, Sterol, and Phenolic Profiles of Expeller–Pressed Poppy Seed Oils from Turkey

Abstract

In this study, the aim was to characterize the physicochemical properties and some bioactive compounds of expeller‐pressed oils of five registered poppy seed varieties (TMO–1, Ofis–8, Ofis–96, Ofis–95, Ofis–3) grown in Turkey. The amounts of total carotenoids, chlorophylls, phenols, and antioxidant activities of oils ranged between 0.08–0.24 mg 100 g−1, 0.03–9.04 mg pheophytin a kg−1, 3.41–8.57 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g−1, and 5.60–7.33 mM Trolox equivalent 100 g−1, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid in poppy seed oils was linoleic acid (69.85–74.02%), followed by oleic acid (13.98–16.99%), and palmitic acid (8.51–9.75%). In addition, poppy seed oils were rich in β–sitosterol (133.47–153.42 mg 100 g−1), campesterol (45.36–58.60 mg 100 g−1), and δ–5–avenasterol (28.21–39.40 mg 100 g−1). High amounts of γ–tocopherol and α–tocopherol were detected. This research is the first study, which identified and quantified the polyphenol, β–carotene, and lutein compounds of expeller–pressed poppy seed oils by HPLC. Tyrosol, apigenin, syringic acid, 3–hydroxytyrosol, luteolin, p–coumaric acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and veratric acid were detected in expeller‐pressed poppy seed oils.

Fatty Acid Composition, Tocopherols, Volatile Compounds, and Sensory Evaluation of Low Morphine Yielding Varieties of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Seeds and Oils

“…Linolenic acid is highly inclined to processes of autoxidation due to its high degree of desaturation; however, linolenic acid contents in all samples were found to be below 1%. 12,14,18 It was α-linolenic acid, as shown by comparison with the fatty acid methyl ester standard. Limits to the oil's usage are, however, set by the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids due to the disproportionately high contents of linoleic acid (ω-6) compared to linolenic acid (ω-3).…”

The Effect of CLA-Rich Isomerized Poppy Seed Oil on the Fat Level and Fatty Acid Profile of Cow and Sheep Milk

“…Poppy seed oil exhibited properties similar to those of sunflower oil, was absorbed as well as olive oil, and appeared to be a promising oil for human consumption (rich sources of bioactive compounds, including essential fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols) [21,22]. Poppy seeds are rich in oil, and the oil content amounts to 33%-49% [22,23].…”

“…Poppy seed oil exhibited properties similar to those of sunflower oil, was absorbed as well as olive oil, and appeared to be a promising oil for human consumption (rich sources of bioactive compounds, including essential fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols) [21,22]. Poppy seeds are rich in oil, and the oil content amounts to 33%-49% [22,23]. Poppy seed oils contain 86%-90% unsaturated fatty acids, and the most abundant fatty acid is linoleic acid (C18:2) 63%-75% (72% on average), followed by oleic acid (12%-17%) and palmitic acid (8%-10%) [22][23][24].…”

“…Poppy seeds are rich in oil, and the oil content amounts to 33%-49% [22,23]. Poppy seed oils contain 86%-90% unsaturated fatty acids, and the most abundant fatty acid is linoleic acid (C18:2) 63%-75% (72% on average), followed by oleic acid (12%-17%) and palmitic acid (8%-10%) [22][23][24]. The oil is a good source of β-sitosterol, campesterol, δ-5-avenasterol, and phenolic compounds and is characterized by high amounts of γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol [22,25].…”

“…Poppy seed oils contain 86%-90% unsaturated fatty acids, and the most abundant fatty acid is linoleic acid (C18:2) 63%-75% (72% on average), followed by oleic acid (12%-17%) and palmitic acid (8%-10%) [22][23][24]. The oil is a good source of β-sitosterol, campesterol, δ-5-avenasterol, and phenolic compounds and is characterized by high amounts of γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol [22,25]. According to FAO [26], in 2018, world poppy seed production was 76,240 tonnes, including 47,879 tonnes in Europe, with Turkey being the largest producer (26,991 tonnes), then Czech Republic, India, Australia, France, Spain, Hungary, and China.…”