Development and Application of Tests of Educational Achievement

History and Development of Above-Level Testing of the Gifted

“…The contradiction is a real one, despite a conceptualization that the distinction between achievement and aptitude tests is unclear (e.g., Anastasi, 1974;Merwin & Gardner, 1962;Schmeiser & Welch, 2006;Zwick, 2006). Modern theorists recognize aptitude as a product of interest, motivation, affect, the specific environment, intelligence, metacognitive abilities, and academic experiences (Corno et al, 2002).…”

Anxiety as a function of taking the MMPI.

“…The present Es are aware of a widespread clinical intuition that personality testing could at times generate "too much" anxiety. A review of the literature revealed research investigating the effect of anxiety on the test being given (Ellis, 1946;Merwin & Gardner, 1962;Sarason, Hill, & Zimbardo, 1964;Sarason & Koenig, 1965). However, little research has focused attention on anxiety produced as a function of the particular test being given.…”