Development and application of visual traps for monitoring and control of populations ofRhagoletis cerasi L.

Russ, K.; Boller, E. F.; Vallo, V.; Haisch, A.; Sezer, Selen Alniak

doi:10.1007/bf02373017

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Per re&mgle, Lemon Yellow and red vertical re&urgles each captured more R. pomonella with increasing size of rectangle from 15 X 20, 30 X 61, and 61 X 122 cm to 122 X 244 cm, the largest size tested (Table II). Per cm", the numbers on yelilow decreased with increasing rectangle size, a response similar 'to cherry i&x (RhagoZetis cerusi L.) cap&red 104 differem sizes 109 yellow rectangles in cherry trees (Prolkopy & Boller 1971, Russ et al 1973). The numbers on red, however, 'increased with increasing rectangle size per cm2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

VISUAL STIMULI ELICITING ATTRACTION OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FLIES TO TREES

Moericke

Prokopy

Berlocher

et al. 1975

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Response of apple maggot flies (Rhagoletis pomonella) to two‐dimensional, sticky‐coated inanimate models of trees erected in clearings in orchards showed that color, size, form, and orientation of model all played a role in eliciting fly arrival. Among 122 × 244 cm vertical rectangular models of different colors, yellow, red, and black were the most attractive, green slightly less attractive, gray (about the same intensity of reflection as yellow) still less attractive, and white, aluminium foil, blue, and clear flexiglas least attractive. Both per model and per unit area, red vertical rectangles 122 × 244 cm were more attractive than smaller ones. Per model, the same was true for different‐size yellow vertical rectangles, but not per unit area. Yellow vertical models 3.0 m2 whose form was compact (circular, square, slightly rectangular or triangular) were more attractive than ones whose form was narrow and elongated. Vertical models were much more attractive than horizontal ones. Contour of edge (smooth or zig‐zag) was unimportant, but a model incorporating an alternating yellow and clear “checker board” pattern, shifting parallactically, elicited more R. pomonella arrivals than a solid yellow model. The normal inter‐tree flight pattern of R. pomonella was low, within 2 m of the ground. As final evidence that visual stimuli play a role in tree detection, many more R. pomonella were intercepted on clear flexiglas sheets around a real cherry tree than around empty space (tree odor was not a factor). We propose the following hypothesis to explain our findings. For an apple maggot fly in flight, a tree becomes visually discernible by its hue (fly reaction to yellow‐green) and/or the darkness of its silhouette (fly reaction to red‐black), but the latter only if the tree is large enough. The nearer a normally low‐flying fly approaches a tree, the taller becomes the silhouette and hence the more distinguishable the tree from the background. We have no evidence that any of the important visual cues are specific to host trees of R. pomonella. Zusammenfassung OPTISCHE REIZE, DIE FLIEGEN VON RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA ZU BÄUMEN ANLOCKEN Die Untersuchung befaßt sich mit der Bedeutung von optischen Reizen für das Auffinden von (Wirts‐) Bäumen durch die Apfelfliege, Rhagoletis pomonella. Die Grundmethode besteht im Vergleich des Zuflugs freilebender Fliegen zu verschieden großen, zweidimensionalen, vertikal orientierten künstlichen Baummodellen. Diese wurden auf gerodeten Flächen innerhalb oder am Rand von Kirschen‐ und Apfelplantagen aufgestellt, 8–53 m von den nächsten Bäumen entfernt. Sie wurden mit “Bird Tanglefoot” fängig gemacht. Von großen, rechteckigen Modellen (122 × 244 cm) in verschiedenen Farben erwiesen sich einerseits gelbe und grüne, andrerseits dunkelrote und schwarze als anlockend. Viel schwächer oder nicht attraktiv waren Grau (19–50% von Gelb), Weiß (20–33%), farbloses Plexiglas (21–26%), Aluminiumfolie (20%) und Blau (16%), die beiden letzten vielleicht sogar repellent. Kleine rote Rechtecke (15 × 30 cm) lösten ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

VISUAL STIMULI ELICITING ATTRACTION OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FLIES TO TREES

Moericke

Prokopy

Berlocher

et al. 1975

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…Four new treatments (totaling six) were evaluated at this site. These were an unbaited three-dimensional cross-shaped Rebell trap (Swiss Federal Research Station, Wadswill, Switzerland) used extensively in Europe for monitoring the European cherry fruit ßy (Boller 1969, Russ et al 1973), a 9-cm-diameter red sphere (Great Lakes IPM, Vestaburg, MI) baited with 2.0 g of ammonium acetate and 0.5 g protein hydrolysate mixed into 13 g of Tangle-Trap (Liburd et al 1998), a 9-cm-diameter red sphere baited with aqueous ammonium solution containing 2.0 g of ammonium acetate in 4 ml of water, a modiÞed version of the Ladd trap (L & S trap) consisting of yellow background with a 9-cm-red hemisphere (the L & S trap was baited with 2.0 g of ammonium acetate and 0.5 g protein hydrolysate mixed into 16 g of Tangle-Trap).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In studies with the related European cherry fruit ßy, Rhagoletis cerasi L., Russ et al (1973) compared responses of R. cerasi to two and three-dimensional traps in replicated Þeld studies. He found that the response of R. cerasi to three-dimensional traps was superior compared with the two-dimensional sticky rectangular boards.…”

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confidence: 99%

Performance of Various Trap Types for Monitoring Populations of Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species

et al. 2001

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“…For herbivores that respond positively to the visual stimulus of foliage reflectance, green pigments, and to a much greater extent yellow pigments (apparently constituting a supernormal foliage type stimulus), have proven valuable in management programs against various homopterans, beetles, and flies when incorporated into traps for monitoring (8,16,25,32 105,114,135) or direct control (35, 135,168). Populations of pest herbivores that respond positively to refi ectance patterns of other sorts of host plant structures, such as buds, blossoms, or bark, can likewise be effectively monitored by appropriately pigmented, refiectance-mimicking traps (128,157).…”

Section: Attractive St Imulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Detection of Plants by Herbivorous Insects

Prokopy¹,

Owens²

1983

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

748

494

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INTRODUCTIONThere are hundreds of thousands of insect species for which plants provide a variety of resources such as adult food, mating encounter sites, oviposi tional sites, food for immatures, shelter from harmful biotic or abiotic agents, or transport (90,149,181). Yet our understanding of the process by which an insect detects a resource-furnishing plant is not well developed. This is particularly true for the visual aspects of plant detection by insects.To date, studies of this aspect have focused on the visual location of fl owers by pollinators (80). Visual location of plants by herbivores, parasitoids, or predators has received no more than marginal or scattered attention (6,64,79,82,88,98,100,104,151,152,156,162,169).Before focusing attention exclusively on insect vision, it is useful to briefl y review some general aspects of animal vision. Here, vision is defi ned as the ability to perceive spatial patterns. The physical stimulus that defines a pattern can be regarded as a spatiotemporal distribution of photo fl ux that differs in total energy and frequency composition, and thus provides the visual color cues of brightness (intensity of perceived reflected light), hue (dominant wavelength of reflected light), and saturation (spectral purity of reflected light). The spatial distribution of photon flux provides information on shape, size, distance, and motion. Visual patterns depend upon the nature of the viewed surface, the optical background, the illuminant, and 337 0066-4170/83/0101·0337$02.00 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1983.28:337-364. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Stanford University -Main Campus -Lane Medical Library on 09/28/12. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 338 PROKOPY & OWENSthe viewer's angle and sensitivity. As an active, complex process, vision depends not only upon events in the entire visual fi eld but also upon patterns of expectation in the visual processing system itself, some of which are established through prior visual experience.Description and analysis of the natural optical environment in terms of the visual system of an animal is known as visual ecology, which presumes that specialized visual systems are of adaptive advantage to the animal possessing them. Visual ecologists quantify physical attributes of optical patterns in the environment, particularly those of resource items. How animals solve common visual problems is best understood when data on the physical environment is combined with data on animal behavior and on the morphology and physiology of visual systems.The visual ecology approach was formulated during studies of sea fishes (94,96,113) and has subsequently been adapted to studies of land-dwelling animals (56,96,147), including insects (80).Our review is concerned primarily with the visual ecology of herbivorous insects. Accordingly, we deal with the following elements that, in combina tion, comprise a visual ecology approach: the evolutionary history of plants and insects; the visual properties of natural illuminan...

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Development and application of visual traps for monitoring and control of populations ofRhagoletis cerasi L.

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

VISUAL STIMULI ELICITING ATTRACTION OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FLIES TO TREES

VISUAL STIMULI ELICITING ATTRACTION OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FLIES TO TREES

Performance of Various Trap Types for Monitoring Populations of Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species

Visual Detection of Plants by Herbivorous Insects

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