Development and characterization of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch bionanocomposites

Ilyas, R. A.; Ishak, Mohd Yusoff; Zainudin, E.S.

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.002

Cited by 389 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The incorporation of nanocellulose into PVOH matrix interrupted the original interaction between rigid and soft segments, which led to a higher microphase separation in the polymer matrix and, hence, a decrease in T g . Nevertheless, a few authors have observed an improvement in the T g of the host polymer when adding nanocellulose from sugar palm, sugar beet, microcrystalline cellulose, sugarcane bagasse, and empty fruit bunch . A great enhancement in T g was reported by Ilyas et al .…”

Section: Thermal Properties Of Nanocellulose Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal properties of nanocellulose‐reinforced composites: A review

Gan

Sam

Abdullah

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

216

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Nanocellulose has received increasing attention in science and industry in recent years as a nanoscale material for the reinforcement of polymer matrix composites due to its superior mechanical properties, renewability, and biodegradability. New nanocellulose sources, modifications, and treatments are under development to reduce the high energy required during production and to create a more suitable industrial-scale production process. Thus, this paper reviews plant-based nanocellulose composites and their properties, with a focus on their thermal-related characteristics. The purpose of this review is to establish for readers the impact of the incorporation of nanocellulose on the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of nanocellulose composites. Understanding of the thermal properties is important for researchers to assess the suitability of the nanocomposites for a variety of applications in response to new and evolving societal requirements.The first NFC was produced from wood by using high-pressure homogenization without any pretreatment. 11,12 However, this method is a very energy-intensive process. Therefore, chemical treatments such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation combined with mechanical and chemical

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Section: Thermal Properties Of Nanocellulose Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal properties of nanocellulose‐reinforced composites: A review

Gan

Sam

Abdullah

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

216

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“…This phenomenon might occur due to the strong hydrogen bonding between nanofiller/matrix that prevented the water from coalescing with the starch molecules. [50,51]…”

Section: Moisture Contentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata [Wurmb.] Merr) starch films containing sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose as reinforcement: Water barrier properties

et al. 2019

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Sugar palm fiber (SPF) is an agro‐waste plant that can be used as potential source of biomass for various biomaterial applications. In this study, sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose (SPNFC) that was isolated from SPF was used as a nanofiller to reinforce sugar palm starch (SPS) to produce bionanocomposites. To attain SPNFCs, SPF was undergo strong acid and alkaline treatments. Later, the SPNFCs were prepared from SPFs via high pressurized homogenization process. The reinforcement of SPNFCs (0‐1.0 wt%) and SPS is done by using solution casting methods. The films were characterized in terms of physical properties such as light transmittance, moisture content, water solubility, and water absorption. The resulting nanocomposites permitted better water resistance, low moisture absorption, and low light transmittance as compared to control SPS film. Adding 1 wt% SPNFCs loading significantly improved the water absorption and water solubility of the composite film by 24.13% and 18.60%, respectively, compared with the control SPS film. This was attributed to the high compatibility between the SPNFCs and SPS matrixes, which composed of the multi‐hydroxyl polymer having three hydroxyl groups per monomer. Thus, this study is to show the potential of SPS/SPNFCs nanocomposite films in packaging industries.

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“…With the temperature rise at the north and south poles and epidemics raging, protecting the environment and ecosystems has become an urgent need. In the search for alternative materials for plastic products, starch and cellulose have become the best alternatives due to their non-toxicity, degradability, low cost, and wide availability [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Properties of Cassava Residue Cellulose Nanofibril/Cassava Starch Composite Films

Huang

Zhao

et al. 2020

Nanomaterials

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Because of its non-toxic, pollution-free, and low-cost advantages, environmentally-friendly packaging is receiving widespread attention. However, using simple technology to prepare environmentally-friendly packaging with excellent comprehensive performance is a difficult problem faced by the world. This paper reports a very simple and environmentally-friendly method. The hydroxyl groups of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were modified by introducing malic acid and the silane coupling agent KH-550, and the modified CNF were added to cassava starch as a reinforcing agent to prepare film with excellent mechanical, hydrophobic, and barrier properties. In addition, due to the addition of malic acid and a silane coupling agent, the dispersibility and thermal stability of the modified CNFs became significantly better. By adjusting the order of adding the modifiers, the hydrophobicity of the CNFs and thermal stability were increased by 53.5% and 36.9% ± 2.7%, respectively. At the same time, the addition of modified CNFs increased the tensile strength, hydrophobicity, and water vapor transmission coefficient of the starch-based composite films by 1034%, 129.4%, and 35.95%, respectively. This material can be widely used in the packaging of food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medical consumables.Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 755 2 of 19 starch films, researchers have often added different types of enhancers to starch film to improve its strength [11][12][13][14]. Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) has become an ideal starch film enhancer due to its low cost, low density, renewability, recyclability, high surface area, chemical reactivity, strength, modulus, elasticity, transparency, tensile rigidity, light weight, low thermal expansion, and biodegradability (due to its nano-size characteristics) [15][16][17].Cellulose nanofibril comes from various sources of natural fibers, such as cotton, wood, corn cobs, sisal, wheat straw, flax, bamboo, rice husks, pea husks, coconut shells, bagasse, and cassava residues. However, CNF is hydrophilic and absorbs moisture when exposed [18]. Therefore, the surface hydrophobicity of CNF can be changed using various chemical modification techniques, thereby improving the compatibility and dispersibility of CNF in specific solvents [19]. Through phosphorylation, carboxymethylation, oxidation and sulfonation reactions, ionic charge can be introduced to the surface of cellulose [20-23]; esterification, silylation, amidation, urethanation, and etherification can make the cellulose surface hydrophobic [24][25][26]. In summary, no matter what surface chemistry is ultimately required, the modification technology depends almost entirely on the reaction of the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the CNF. The challenge for these chemical modification technologies is to change only the surface of the CNF, maintaining its original morphology and the complex structure of its internal hydroxyl groups.Wei et al. extracted CNF from oil palm waste by acid hydrolysis using natural lime juice as a cross-linking agent. The struc...

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Development and characterization of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch bionanocomposites

Cited by 389 publications

References 58 publications

Thermal properties of nanocellulose‐reinforced composites: A review

Thermal properties of nanocellulose‐reinforced composites: A review

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata [Wurmb.] Merr) starch films containing sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose as reinforcement: Water barrier properties

Preparation and Properties of Cassava Residue Cellulose Nanofibril/Cassava Starch Composite Films

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