Development of a Learning Module Based on Biofuel Synthesis Laboratory Research from CPO Residual of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) with Ultrasonic Irradiation Assistance

Abstract

Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world, of which 19 Palm Oil Mills (POM) are in Bengkulu Province. POM in Bengkulu generally processes palm fruit bunches into Crude Palm Oil (CPO) with the by-products of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) which contains CPO residues (CPO-res) as much as 0.6-1.2%. CPO-res are cheap raw materials for the manufacture of biofuels. The purpose of this study was to develop a module based on laboratory research of synthesis of biofuel. Synthesis of biofuels was done by esterification with an acid catalyst, followed by a trans esterification using a base catalyst, both reactions are carried out with ultrasonic irradiation assistance at a frequency of 45 kHz, temperature 60°C, for 30 minutes. This laboratory research was then developed as a module; the module was then used in learning chemistry after being validated by expert judgment. The biofuel has a density of 0.852 g / mL, kinematic viscosity of 1.692 cSt, fog point = 8.84 ° C, pour point = 11°C, acid number = 1.122 mg KOH / g oil and water content = 0.739%. Modules developed from research into biofuel production after being validated by expert judgment on good value (4.71) at the level of trustworthy validation trust (0.846) can be used in learning organic chemistry.

Comprehensive Review on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent

“…The results indicated the highest biodiesel yield of 86 % [84]. Sundaryono et al [85] reported on the esterification of sludge palm oil extracted from POME using H 2 SO 4 . The reaction was carried out varying the reaction conditions of methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1 wt % catalyst loading of H 2 SO 4 , reaction time of 3 min, and reaction temperature of 60°C.…”

“…The catalyst effect is also important in considering the overall cost of biodiesel synthesis. Sundaryono et al [85] determined the effect of catalyzing the biodiesel synthesis from palm fatty acids with a cheaper catalyst synthesized from coconut shell biochar. It was observed that sulfonating coconut shell biochar using H 2 SO 4 can increase the acid activity of the prepared catalyst.…”

Characteristics of Heterogeneous Catalysts Fly Ash Fraction of Light Shell and Fiber of Palm Oil Mill Solid Waste Grown on Peatlands

“…The catalyst that has the best quality will be tested for its chemical composition analysis using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) method, and a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test will also be carried out to determine the three-dimensional structure of the fly ash catalyst [28]. Material characterization using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) was carried out in the solid phase, in the form of a powder that had been dried [29], the surface and basic properties of the catalyst using Brunaeur-Emmet-Teller (BET) [30], and Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) analysis to test changes in the weight of the catalyst mass.…”