Development of Antibacterial Protective Coatings Active against MSSA and MRSA on Biodegradable Polymers

Abstract

In this work the in vitro antimicrobial activity of colloidal solutions of nine different commercially available nanoparticles were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus strains, both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Research covered antimicrobial investigation of different metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles, including Ag 10 nm, Ag 40 nm, Al2O3 100 nm, Au 20 nm, Pt 4 nm, TiO2 100 nm, Y2O3 100 nm, ZnO 100 nm and ZrO2 100 nm nanoparticles. Such materials were foreseen to be applied as coatings on 3D-printed biodegradable polymers: i.e., catheters, disposable materials, hospital bedding items, disposable antimicrobial linings and bandages for chronic wounds. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was determined by agar well diffusion assays and serial microdilution broth assays. In addition, the chromatographic characterization of elements present in trace amounts was performed as a method for tracing the nanoparticles. Moreover, the potential of preparing the rough surface of biodegradable polymers for coating with antimicrobial nanoparticles was tested by 3D-printing fused deposition methodology. The in vitro results have shown that particular nanoparticles provided powerful antimicrobial effects against MSSA and MRSA strains, and can be easily applied on different biopolymers.

Embracing Additive Manufacturing Technology through Fused Filament Fabrication for Antimicrobial with Enhanced Formulated Materials

“…For instance, biodegradable polymers such polylactic acid- (PLA) based polymers are often used to develop filament that possess antibacterial properties using FFF as discussed by Bronstein et al [ 46 ]. Moreover, the antibacterial property is added with the help of processing techniques such as co-extrusion with particles for instance using chitosan as studied by Mania et al [ 18 ] or using metallic nanoparticles as done by Rezić et al [ 47 ]. Biomedical applications such as dental resins as studied by Bayarsaikhan et al [ 48 ] and drug delivery as highlighted by Shaqour et al [ 49 , 50 ] highly promote a practical approach of using 3D Printing along with compatible antibacterial material.…”

Functionalization of Polymer Surface with Antimicrobial Microcapsules

“…The antimicrobial silver was chosen due to the reported literature references, and based on our testing. We reported the results of the antimicrobial investigation of the silver nanoparticles in our previous investigations [ 42 , 47 ], in which we determined the antimicrobial activity on S. aureus model microorganisms.…”

“…The dip-coating process was performed in a following manner: firstly the sol was stirred magnetically to obtain optimal molar ratio of GLYMO to water, based on our previous experience to retain textile character (hand value, softness, etc.) [ 42 , 47 , 55 ]. Important parameters for the sol–gel properties (precursor, types of catalysts and solvent, molar ratio of precursor to solvent, pH value, and temperature) were also based on physical and chemical character of the chosen precursor GLYMO and catalyst, HCl.…”

“…Evaporation of the solvent can cause destabilization if it is not performed under favorable conditions. During this process the cross-linking occurs, in which the coating becomes stiffer and the resulting gel is glued by heat, while the coagulation temperature itself depends on the composition [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Many different parameters influencing the outcome and the thickness of the film during immersion exist; these are the viscosity of salts, surface tension, and pressure.…”

Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy

“…Colloidal solutions of commercially available metal-based NPs including AgNPs (10 nm and 40 nm), AuNPs (20 nm), PtNPs (4 nm) and ZnO NPs, TiO 2 NPs, Al 2 O 3 NPs, Y 2 O 3 NPs and ZrO 2 NPs of 100 nm exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA strains and can be applied as coatings on 3D-printed biodegradable polymers, including bandages for chronic wounds, catheters, etc. [ 121 ] Biosafe hydrogels showing a porous structure enabling sustained release of the incorporated antibacterial drugs as well as convenient viscosity, are especially advantageous for topical applications [ 113 ]. By using a polymer-based antibiotic delivery system, including polymeric liposomes, polymeric micelles, highly branched polymers and dendrimers, and polymeric nanogels, improved therapeutic effects can be achieved in the treating of bacterial infections compared to free antibiotics [ 74 ].…”