Development of biomaterial surfaces with and without microbial nanosegments

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Infections by microorganisms are a major problem in public health throughout the world. Artificial materials, including biomedical goods, inherently lack defense against microbial development. Therefore, microbial cells can adhere on any type of artificial surface, particularly in a moist environment, and start to multiply to form a huge population. In this review, we will discuss a strategy for designing antimicrobial polymers and antimicrobial surfaces. Generally, there are five types of antimicrobial polymers: (a) polymeric biocides, (b) biocidal polymers, (c) biocide-releasing polymers, (d) bioactive oligopeptides, and (e) antimicrobial surfaces. Antimicrobial surfaces preventing the growth of microorganisms are a promising method to inhibit the spread of microbial infections. The antimicrobial surfaces can reject the attachment of microbes and/or kill microbes in the vicinity and can be designed to kill microbes on contact. It is recommended that the material surface not release biocidal substances, therefore preventing exhaustion of biocide release to kill microbes. Furthermore, the antimicrobial surfaces are desired to be nontoxic to human cells. The development of contact-active antimicrobial surfaces by grafting antimicrobial nanosegments onto the material surface will be an important topic in the future.</jats:p>

Polymeric Antimicrobial Coatings Based on Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

“…To better tune biocidal activity and duration, research nowadays focuses on dual-action biocidal materials and surfaces, i.e., materials with a simultaneous contact-killing and released-based biocidal action. The contact-killing action is usually based on quaternary ammonium groups that are covalently incorporated into a polymeric chain or polymeric substrate [27][28][29], whereas the released-based biocidal action is often introduced through the use of biocidal agents capable of leaching from the polymeric surfaces or materials, such as metallic/inorganic nanoparticles, antibiotics, or others [30].…”

Elastomers with biocidal properties. Part 1. Literature review

“…Licznym przedmiotom używanym przez ludzi w codziennym życiu nadaje się właściwości aseptyczne, bakteriobójcze lub bakteriostatyczne. W celu uzyskania takiego efektu stosuje się różnego rodzaju powłoki o właściwościach bakteriobójczych lub ograniczających powstawanie biofilmu [3,4,8,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]62]:…”

“…Środki stosowane w polimerowych powłokach o właściwościach biobójczych to m.in. antybiotyki, srebro, miedź, złoto, tlenek cynku, ditlenek tytanu, czwartorzędowe sole amoniowe, N-halaminy, nanocząstki [3,12,17,18,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Stwierdzono jednak, że bakterie wytwarzają oporność również na te środki biobójcze, m.in.…”

Adhesion of bacteria to wood coatings

“…Bakterijska adhezija na površine in pozneje nastanek biofilma sta glavna vzroka kroničnih okužb (Gu & Ren, 2014), ki negativno vplivajo na zdravje ljudi in povzročajo razne zdravstvene težave. Pogostokrat smo takšnim okužbam najbolj izpostavljeni v okoljih kot so bolnišnice, javne kuhinje, pisarne, šole in ne nazadnje stanovanjski prostori, kjer lahko bakterije kljub skrbi za čistočo tvorijo biofilme, bodisi na delovnih površinah, tleh, inventarju, pohištvu (Singh & Dawson, 2011;Bohinc et al, 2014;Alarfaj et al, 2016). Bakterijska adhezija je tako postala velik problem tako v različnih industrijskih panogah kot v zasebnih sta-novanjskih prostorih (Garrett et al, 2008;Myszka & Czaczyk, 2011;Bohinc et al, 2014).…”