Development of choline biosensor using toluidine blue O as mediator

Choline Oxidase-Integrated Copper Metal–Organic Frameworks as Cascade Nanozymes for One-Step Colorimetric Choline Detection

“…31 Compared with traditional methods, enzyme biosensors have attracted wide attention in recent years for their simple, rapid, sensitive, and efficient advantages. 32,33 Some of them are mediated by choline oxidase (ChO x ), which can oxidize choline into betaine and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and the choline concentration would be further calculated by the generated H 2 O 2 . 34−36 However, the detection process requires a series of standard configuration, sample determination, and other steps; particularly, multi-step operation is very complex under different temperatures and pH values.…”

“…The universal detection methods mainly include chromatography, − electrochemical methods, ,− and chemiluminescence methods. − Despite the high accuracy, there are still some unavoidable limitations, such as complex sample preparation, long separation time, substantial consumption of organic reagents, complicated electrode modification, and reliance on large-scale equipment . Compared with traditional methods, enzyme biosensors have attracted wide attention in recent years for their simple, rapid, sensitive, and efficient advantages. , Some of them are mediated by choline oxidase (ChO x ), which can oxidize choline into betaine and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and the choline concentration would be further calculated by the generated H 2 O 2 . − However, the detection process requires a series of standard configuration, sample determination, and other steps; particularly, multi-step operation is very complex under different temperatures and pH values. − Meanwhile, the utilized oxidoreductase exhibits high costs, complex purification, and poor stability. Therefore, more simple and effective methods for choline detection are still necessary.…”