Development of dual water supply using rooftop rainwater harvesting and groundwater systems

Rahmat, Siti Nazahiyah; Al-Gheethi, Adel; Ayob, Syafiqa; Shahli, Fitryaliah Mohd

doi:10.1007/s42452-019-1862-9

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Second, bathing activities are, to our knowledge, investigated for the first time with lower quality standard requirements than drinking standard. Third, contrary to most researches on dual water systems that are focused on the use of reclaimed water [22,23] and the comparison of the energy efficiency between dual and conventional systems, the present work assesses simultaneously the material, energy, and cost savings induced by the differentiation of water quality by usage. The integrated model EVALEAU is applied to a conventional treatment system of French municipal water supply as an illustration of how material, cost, and energy can be saved when degrading the water quality requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barker et al [22] showed the reuse of treated wastewater effluent for non-potable purposes in North Carolina could consume less energy than when using the potable network. Rainwater harvesting potential was investigated in Malaysia [23] and Vietnam [24] whereas the deterioration of source water quality in China [25] made a dual water distribution system both more economical and practical than the conventional system. For developed countries, the investigation of dual water systems is important in the context of aging infrastructure as a possibility for improving the efficiency of the current centralized municipal water system [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can Material and Energy Be Saved by Differentiating Water Quality Targets in the Water Purification Process?

et al. 2020

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The current organization of water supply systems demands drinking standards for all the households’ usage of water. Few dual water systems, i.e., systems in which the quality of the water supplied is differentiated by types of use, exist but are mainly circumscribed to developing countries. Besides, bath and showers are so far considered as a potable use of water despite only drinking and cooking activities requiring the high-quality standards of potable water. The present work demonstrates how the principles of dual water systems can be incorporated into the sustainable concept of product-service system (PSS) using a dual water system of a municipal water supply treatment plant in France as a case study. The PSS is based on the water quality, and the bathing activity of households is considered with a dedicated standard for the first time. Two systems are considered, S1 and S2, supplied with the same raw water quality and treated with drinking (S1) bathing standards (S2). The quality parameters considered are total organic carbon (TOC) and turbidity (T) and the potential savings related to costs, material, and energy consumptions are assessed using EVALEAU as a process modeling tool. The treatment lines consisted of powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition, coagulation, flocculation, settling, and rapid sand filtration. Results show that material consumption can be reduced by 41% mainly through the decrease in chemical consumption associated with the change of requirement for the TOC parameter. On the opposite, energy consumption was found dependent on the water of volume treated rather than its quality leading to only marginal savings. The cost was decreased by 37% as a result of the reduction of the chemicals consumed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Material and Energy Be Saved by Differentiating Water Quality Targets in the Water Purification Process?

et al. 2020

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“…In India per capita water availability is 70% reduced from 1951 to 2011 (Dubbudu, 2016). To support the sustainable development and reduced the pressure on the ground water, rain water harvesting from the rooftop and its storage can be produced as best alternate for the individual houses in urban area (Rahmat et al, 2020). Collected water has been utilised for both portable and non-portable (like urinal flushing, toilet, laundry) purposes (Santos and Pinto, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Karnal Smart city, (Haryana) using Geospatial Technology

Meenakshi¹,

Kumar²,

Kumari³

2022

EEC

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The present study aims to estimate potential of rain water stored from the rooftop and to study water requirement for present day scenario using the geo spatial techniques in Karnal municipal area (Haryana). Rooftop area was digitized using World View â II (0.5m resolution) satellite data. The available rainfall data has been analysed so as to know the rainfall pattern and calculate the Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Potential (RWHP) in Karnal city. A total of 11100 building footprints were digitized (1:1000 scale) and roof top area of 9396122 m2 was found to be available for collecting the rainwater. It was calculated that a potential volume of 5430762.18m3 rainwater will be available on the study area, which is sufficient for toilet flushing in the study area. In this study, we estimated that annually 3140744700 L (57%) of total harvested rain water (5430762183.29 L) can be used in toilet flushing and 43% surplus water could be used for other purposes such as home-grown fruits and vegetables and watering in park.

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“…Typically, the rooftop water 4 collected by rainwater harvesting systems is used for non-potable demands (such as industrial processing) and potable demands (such as cooking). 5 Amongst these demands, energy harvesting from rainfall during the rainwater harvesting process has attracted significant attention in recent years. Rainwater energy harvesting can not only convert the mechanical energy from falling raindrops into electricity for powering sensors and other electronics devices but can also effectively solve ground collapse problems caused by the impact of rainwater.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is suitable for all types of buildings ranging from residential to commercial and industrial structures. Typically, the rooftop water 4 collected by rainwater harvesting systems is used for non‐potable demands (such as industrial processing) and potable demands (such as cooking) 5 . Amongst these demands, energy harvesting from rainfall during the rainwater harvesting process has attracted significant attention in recent years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small‐scale experimental study on the optimisation of a rooftop rainwater energy harvester using electromagnetic generators in light rains

Bao

Wang

2020

Int J Energy Res

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This research proposes a new rooftop rainwater energy harvester using electromagnetic generators, which demonstrates better rain-energy harvesting performance than the traditional rainwater energy harvesters that use electromagnetic generators under light rain conditions. Conventionally, the rainwater collected from the roof of a building or a residential attic using the installed roof gutter system is drained directly along a pipe to drive water turbines combined with electromagnetic generators for generating electricity. Such an energy harvesting method has high energy harvesting efficiency under heavy rain conditions but is inefficient under light rain conditions. To improve the energy harvesting efficiency in light rains, a pipe-connected tank including a passive rainwater buffer is introduced and fixed below the rooftop gutters in the proposed structure. The passive rainwater buffer is attached above the pipe-connected tank. After collecting a certain amount of rainwater from the gutters, the passive rainwater buffer automatically releases the rainwater periodically into the pipe-connected tanks. The released rainwater results in a large flow along the pipe, which can drive water turbines with electromagnetic generators to work at a high efficiency for a short period of time. A small-scale experimental prototype was built for validating the energy harvesting performance of the proposed structure. The results show that the intermittent highefficiency power generation of the proposed structure is better than the continuous low-efficiency power generation of the traditional structure during light rains. The proposed structure can charge a 680 μF capacitor with at least nine times the electrical energy that is stored in a conventional capacitor for a rainwater flow rate of less than 300 mL/min in the same amount of time. However, with the increase in the rainwater flow, the energy harvesting performance gap between the proposed structure and the traditional one gradually narrows.

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Development of dual water supply using rooftop rainwater harvesting and groundwater systems

Abstract: The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding on dual water supply system consisting of rainwater and groundwater. The pilot study of the designed system was carried out at the

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Can Material and Energy Be Saved by Differentiating Water Quality Targets in the Water Purification Process?

Can Material and Energy Be Saved by Differentiating Water Quality Targets in the Water Purification Process?

Assessment of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Karnal Smart city, (Haryana) using Geospatial Technology

Small‐scale experimental study on the optimisation of a rooftop rainwater energy harvester using electromagnetic generators in light rains

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