Development of eco-friendly chitosan-g-polyacrylamide preformed particle gel for conformance control in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs

Elaf, Reem; Ali, Ahmed Ben; Saad, Mohamed; Hussein, Ibnelwaleed A.; Bai, Baojun

doi:10.1016/j.geoen.2023.212136

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…As shown in Figure , the FTIR spectra of SPAM and the various gel samples of SPAM/AlNt, SPAM/AlSu, SPAM/AlAc, and SPAM/AlLc reveal the presence of distinct absorption bands and functional groups. The absorption bands assigned to various functional groups in SPAM matched those mentioned in the literature. − The medium absorption band at 3335 cm –1 is attributed to the amide group’s N–H stretching vibration. The peak at 1650 cm –1 is the characteristic absorption peak of CO related to amide bonds.…”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…Longer swelling times lead to deeper reservoir penetration. Schlumberger advises a 3–5 h window for effective deep plugging and at least 1 h for near-wellbore applications, factoring in a 5 min mixing and 20–40 min pumping time . The swelling kinetics of four PPGs were examined in freshwater and seawater at 25 °C (Figure ).…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schlumberger advises a 3−5 h window for effective deep plugging and at least 1 h for near-wellbore applications, factoring in a 5 min mixing and 20−40 min pumping time. 25 The swelling kinetics of four PPGs were examined in freshwater and seawater at 25 °C (Figure 8). In seawater, PPGs initially showed slower swelling rates compared to freshwater, yet they reached equilibrium swelling faster.…”

Section: Thermal Stability Of Aluminum-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical Composition of Seawater (SW) Based on Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Levels Present in Oil Reserves in Gulf Countries24,25 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Inorganically Cross-Linked Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Preformed Particle Gels for Conformance Control: Impact of Anionic Groups

Elaf,

Hamza,

Nimir

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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Modern oil and gas extraction faces challenges, notably from the surplus of produced water, hampering hydrocarbon recovery and raising environmental and economic concerns. A promising solution is the injection of preformed particle gels (PPGs) into the reservoir's fractures and high permeability zones, facilitating production processes. This study introduces a novel class of inorganically cross-linked PPGs with exceptionally high swelling capacities, comprising sulfonated polyacrylamide crosslinked with aluminum attached to acetate, nitrate, sulfate, and lactate anions individually. These PPGs function as superabsorbents, capable of absorbing water at a ratio of 100−700 times their dry weight while maintaining adequate gel strength up to 2709 Pa. The study examines the influence of anionic groups attached to the aluminum on the swelling ratio, kinetics, and strength of the developed PPGs. It also reveals the impact of reservoir conditions, including temperature, salinity, and pH. The research explores the chemical compositions and cross-linking mechanisms by employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments further examine thermal stability. Results highlight the significant influence of anionic groups on PPG performance, with aluminum lactate providing the most robust and stable network structure, followed by aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum acetate, which offer the highest swelling PPG but are most sensitive under saline and diverse conditions. Notably, aluminum-based PPGs exhibit slow swelling kinetics, taking over 5 h. Furthermore, results showed that high cross-linker concentrations and increased salinity are associated with decreased PPG swelling ratios but enhanced mechanical strength. It is worth noting that PPG swelling and strength thrive within the pH range of 5−9 and below temperatures exceeding 75 °C, as conditions beyond these thresholds compromise their intricate three-dimensional (3D) network structures.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Stability Of Aluminum-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical Composition of Seawater (SW) Based on Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Levels Present in Oil Reserves in Gulf Countries24,25 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Inorganically Cross-Linked Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Preformed Particle Gels for Conformance Control: Impact of Anionic Groups

Elaf,

Hamza,

Nimir

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…Worldwide, the conservation of crude oil reserves is one of the most crucial components of macroeconomics and the energy sectors . The standard rate of oil production decreases daily, and most of the world’s giant oil reservoirs are in their secondary stage of production. − Consequently, enhanced oil recovery techniques are potential future solutions in the oil industry for sustaining production from oil reservoirs …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Performance Evaluation and Optimization of a Weak Gel Deep-Profile Control System for Sandstone Reservoirs

Abe,

Seddiqi,

Hou

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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Globally, most oil fields use excessive water flooding to recover oil. By injection of water between wells, channels are created, which result in lower oil recovery. Water-plugging deep-profile control must be used to control the excessive water production from an oil reservoir. This laboratory study used sulfonated polyacrylamides with a molecular weight of 10.3−13.0 × 10 6 Da (FPAM) and polyethylenimine (PEI-600) to formulate a weak gel system to control excessive water production from deep formations. Using different FPAM and PEI-600 concentrations, the Sydansk bottle test approach was applied to evaluate the gelation time, strength, and stability of the weak gel. The weak gel concentration of 0.5 wt % FPAM and 0.4 wt % PEI-600 was confirmed for deep-profile control by this approach. The temperature and salt resistance of the selected weak gel system were evaluated using the same bottle test methodology. The gelation time depends on temperature: 5−7 days at <100 °C to 0.5 days >100 °C. Salinity >20,000 mg/L significantly affected the weak gel system's strength. By performing a viscometer test, the viscosity of the weak gel system at different times was evaluated, confirming the gelation time of the selected weak gel. Next, a microfluidic chip flooding test analyzed weak gel performance and plugging ability in porous media. This micromodel provided a visual analysis of the weak gel plug. Finally, a low-to medium-permeability sandstone core-flooding was conducted to determine the plugging rate of weak gel at the core scale, followed by an evaluation of the injection pressure, blocking effect, and oil recovery. According to the study, the selected weak gel has an extended gelation time with a significantly low viscosity, which affects its injectivity and can move from injection wells into deep formations. In the core-flooding test, the weak gel's blocking rate after 7 days of gelation time exceeded 90%.

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Improving temperature and salinity tolerance of polymer gels by modifying with lignin-containing nanocellulose

Yang,

Gao,

Guo

et al. 2025

Fuel

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Development of eco-friendly chitosan-g-polyacrylamide preformed particle gel for conformance control in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs

Cited by 10 publications

References 50 publications

Development of Inorganically Cross-Linked Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Preformed Particle Gels for Conformance Control: Impact of Anionic Groups

Development of Inorganically Cross-Linked Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Preformed Particle Gels for Conformance Control: Impact of Anionic Groups

Experimental Performance Evaluation and Optimization of a Weak Gel Deep-Profile Control System for Sandstone Reservoirs

Improving temperature and salinity tolerance of polymer gels by modifying with lignin-containing nanocellulose

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