Development of exhaust emission factors for vessels: A review and meta-analysis of available data

Grigoriadis, Achilleas; Mamarikas, Sokratis; Ioannidis, Ioannis; Majamäki, Elisa; Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Ntziachristos, Leónidas

doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100142

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In contrast, low emissions were observed for relatively new motors with high rpm (clusters N2-N4), closest to the motor type used in modern trucks. Our findings are consistent with literature studies for seagoing ships in which motors with high power and low rpm are associated with larger emissions compared to motors with low power and high rpm (Grigoriadis et al, 2021). This is mainly due to a longer residence time in the combustion chamber at low rpm, leading to an enhanced NO x content in the exhaust gas (Reif, 2012).…”

Section: Dependence Of No X Emissions On Ship Parameterssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Generally speaking, the dependence of emissions on ship parameters and atmospheric conditions is very complex and variable from ship to ship. For inland ships there is little information available in the literature, whereas for seagoing ships detailed studies or reviews are, e.g., provided by Buffaloe et al (2014), Celik et al (2020), Grigoriadis et al (2021), andSugrue et al (2022).…”

Section: Dependence Of No X Emissions On Ship Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NO_x and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine

Eger,

Mathes,

Zavarsky

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Abstract. Emission plumes of around 4700 ship passages were detected between March 2021 and June 2022 in the Upper Rhine valley in Worms, Germany. In combination with ship-related data recorded via the Automatic Identification System (AIS), the plume composition of individuals ships was analysed and it was possible to quantify their contribution to the overall emission load. To obtain an integral picture of inland ship emissions, nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements in the gas-phase were combined with detailed particle-phase measurements including particle number concentration (PNC), particle size distribution (PSD) from 5 nm to 10 µm, particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5), ultrafine particle fraction (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) and aerosol black carbon (BC). One measuring station was located in a bridge directly above the navigation channel and was especially helpful in deriving emission factors under real-world driving conditions for the fleet on the Upper Rhine. The other station was situated on a river bank at about 40 m distance to the shipping lane and was thus representative for the exposure of people working or living close to the Rhine. Inland ships contributed 1.2 µg m−3 or 7 % on average to the local nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration at the bridge above the shipping lane. NOx concentrations were increased by 10.5 µg m−3 (50 %), PNC by 800 particles cm−3 (10 %), PM1 by 0.4 µg m−3 (4 %) and BC by 0.15 µg m−3 (15 %). On the river bank a NOx increase of 1.6 µg m−3 (8 %) and an NO2 increase of 0.4 µg m−3 (3 %) were observed. More than 75 % of emitted particles were found in the UFP range with a geometric mean particle diameter of 52 ± 23 nm. Calculated emission factors (25–75 percentiles) were 26–44 g per kg of fuel for NOx, 1.9–3.2 g kg−1 for NO2, 0.3–0.7 g kg−1 for BC, 0.9–2.3 g kg−1 for PM1 and (1–3) × 1015 particles kg−1 for PNC, with a large variability observed from ship to ship. Relating these values to ship-specific parameters revealed the importance of engine characteristics, i.e. vessels using old motors with low revolutions per minute (RPM) caused comparably high emission factors for both NOx and PNC. Comparison with emission regulation limits set by the Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (CCNR) and the European Union (EU) showed that mean energy-dependent emission factors under real-driving conditions were slightly above the respective requirements based on controlled laboratory conditions. The results from this study underline the importance of long-term measurements with high temporal resolution to reliably estimate the contribution of inland shipping to air pollution in cities along heavy traffic waterways and to monitor a potential future emission reduction when modernizing the fleet.

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Section: Dependence Of No X Emissions On Ship Parameterssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Dependence Of No X Emissions On Ship Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NO_x and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine

Eger,

Mathes,

Zavarsky

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…While the VOC species STEAM uses are not exactly the same as the species identified aboard the Stena Germanica, a load-dependent VBS set was constructed for a STEAM VOC scheme in a similar manner as for the data obtained aboard the ship. In addition, the emission factors for load-dependent organic carbon and hydrocarbon emissions can be obtained from STEAM [47]. The total volatility distribution was built assuming all the organic carbon was nonvolatile material, while the hydrocarbon emission factor was divided into volatility bins according to the VBS built for the STEAM VOC scheme.…”

Section: Comparison To Existing Volatility Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatility of a Ship’s Emissions in the Baltic Sea Using Modelling and Measurements in Real-World Conditions

et al. 2023

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Shipping emissions are a major source of particulate matter in the atmosphere. The volatility of gaseous and particulate phase ship emissions are poorly known despite their potentially significant effect on the evolution of the emissions and their secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential. An approach combining a genetic optimisation algorithm with volatility modelling was used on volatility measurement data to study the volatility distribution of a ship engine’s emissions in real-world conditions. The fuels used were marine gas oil (MGO) and methanol. The engine was operated with 50% and 70% loads with and without active NOx after-treatment with selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The volatility distributions were extended to higher volatilities by combining the speciation information of the gas phase volatile organic compounds with particle phase volatility distributions and organic carbon measurements. These measurements also provided the emission factors of the gas and particle phase emissions. The results for the particle phase volatility matched well with the existing results placing most of the volatile organic mass in the intermediate volatile organic compounds (IVOC). The IVOCs also dominated the speciated gas phase. Partitioning of the emissions in the gas and particle phases was affected significantly by the total organic mass concentration, underlining the importance of the effect of the dilution on the phase of the emissions.

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“…The first method, the top-down approach, evaluates fuel consumption statistics or bunker fuel statistics in the marine field. The data allow researchers to estimate the average emission factor [13]. The second method, called the bottom-up approach, calculates a significantly higher percentage of fuel consumption than the top-down method since this approach considers more parameters, such as installed power and operating profile of vessel.…”

Section: Emission Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Hybrid Propulsion Systems for Lower Emissions and Fuel Saving on Merchant Ship during Voyage

Chin

Tan

Venkateshkumar

2022

JMSE

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The hybrid propulsion system is a vehicle propulsion system with two or more sources of propulsion such as diesel, batteries, and other renewable energy. The use of hybrid propulsion systems is not new, and they have been adopted worldwide. There are many applications for hybrid propulsion systems, from powering land-based vehicles to marine vessels. With the success of hybrid propulsion systems, many large vessels still rely on two-stroke engines for power generation. In this paper, the benefits and feasibility of using battery systems or hybridizing existing conventional two-stroke engines onboard large intercontinental vessels is studied and simulated. The merchant ship, a bulk carrier with 82,000 deadweight tonnage capacity, is used. The model vessel travels along a simulated route of up to 4000 nautical miles using weather routing software to generate data for estimating emissions with the help of widely adopted empirical formulas. A reduction of up to 3.4 tonnes of emissions and fuel consumption of not more than 1 tonne per kWh from peak shaving and boosting applications for a 12-day voyage were observed.

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Development of exhaust emission factors for vessels: A review and meta-analysis of available data

Cited by 13 publications

References 56 publications

Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NO_x and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine

Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NO_x and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine

Volatility of a Ship’s Emissions in the Baltic Sea Using Modelling and Measurements in Real-World Conditions

Study of Hybrid Propulsion Systems for Lower Emissions and Fuel Saving on Merchant Ship during Voyage

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Development of exhaust emission factors for vessels: A review and meta-analysis of available data

Cited by 13 publications

References 56 publications

Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NOx and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine

Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NOx and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine

Volatility of a Ship’s Emissions in the Baltic Sea Using Modelling and Measurements in Real-World Conditions

Study of Hybrid Propulsion Systems for Lower Emissions and Fuel Saving on Merchant Ship during Voyage

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NO_x and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine

Measurement report: Inland ship emissions and their contribution to NO_x and ultrafine particle concentrations at the Rhine