Development of Fuzzy-Adaptive Control Based Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell Hybrid Tramway System

Abstract

Currently, the implementation of hybrid proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-battery-supercapacitor systems for hybrid tramways to replace conventional internal combustion engines and reduce greenhouse gas emissions has triggered an upward trend in developing energy management strategies (EMSs) to effectively deploy this integration. For this purpose, this paper introduces a comprehensive EMS consisting of high-level and low-level controls to achieve appropriate power distribution and stabilize the operating voltage of the powertrain. In the high-level control, a fuzzy logic technique and adaptive control loop are proposed to determine the reference power for energy sources under different working conditions. Meanwhile, the low-level control aims to generate a pulse-width-modulation (PWM) signal for DC/DC converter, associated with each electric source, to regulate the device’s output performance and guarantee the DC bus voltage. Comparisons between the proposed strategy with available approaches are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed EMS through MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results confirm that the proposed EMS not only sufficiently ensures powers distribution even when the abrupt changes of load or high peak power, but also enhance the efficiency of the PEMFC, in which the PEMFC stack efficiency can be exhibited up to 53% with hydrogen consumption less than 21.4%. Moreover, the DC bus voltage can be regulated with a small ripple of around 1%.

Hierarchical Control Strategy with Battery Dynamic Consideration for a Dual Fuel Cell/Battery Tramway

“…Consequently, the power allocation curves of FC 1 and FC 2 are defined according to the power requirement (Figure 7), and the average efficiency of the dual FC system is also determined (Figure 8), which can be used for the upper layer in Equation (32). Unlike previous research [2,16], which only considers the battery's SOC, this paper proposes a penalty function to ensure the safety of the BAT by considering not only the SOC but also the current as input parameters. The penalty function is designed as shown in Equation (33).…”

“…η Fuelcell is the efficiency of the dual FC system. Unlike previous research [2,16], which only considers the battery's SOC, this paper proposes a penalty function to ensure the safety of the BAT by considering not only the SOC but also the current as input parameters. The penalty function is designed as shown in Equation (33).…”

“…In contrast with offline control strategies, online control methods can be applied in realtime applications with unknown driving cycles. Trinh et al [16] proposed a comprehensive EMS including two-level controls for the power distribution of the FC-BAT-SC tramway. In detail, a fuzzy logic technique and an adaptive control loop were used to determine the reference power for each power source at the high-level control.…”

A New Type-3 Fuzzy PID for Energy Management in Microgrids

“…Because of its simplicity and capacity, PID control systems are extensively employed in most industrial problems such as mechanical engineering, chaotic systems, and electrical engineering [3]. In proportional control mode of PID, the output is proportional to the amount of error (hence, it is called proportional).…”

Fast Model Predictive Control of PEM Fuel Cell System Using the L1 Norm

“…It is also possible to use a fuzzy adaptive PI controller with an improved advanced genetic algorithm [14]. Hierarchical techniques can also be applied to develop a comprehensive energy management strategy consisting of high-level control, which is based on fuzzy logic technique as well as adaptive control loop and low-level control that generates a pulse-width-modulation signal so that appropriate power distribution is achieved and the operating voltage of the powertrain is stabilised [15]. In recent years, applications of MPC algorithms [16][17][18] to PEM fuel cells have been reported.…”