Development of Multi-Pixel Photon Counters

Gomi, S.; Taguchi, M.; Hano, Hitoshi; Itoh, Susumu; Kubota, Takeshi; Maeda, Takao; Mazuka, Y.; Otono, H.; Sano, Eisaku; Sudo, Y.; Tsubokawa, T.; Yamaoka, M.; Yamazaki, H.; Uozumi, S.; Yoshioka, Tamaki; Iijima, T.; Kawagoe, K.; Kim, S.H.; Matsumura, T.; Miyabayashi, K.; Murakami, Takeshi; Nakadaira, T.; Nakaya, T.; Shinkawa, T.; Takeshita, T.; Yokoyama, M.; Yoshimura, K.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2006.356040

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…for the APD, which typically exceeds 80% at around 500-800 nm, while that of the MPPC is much less than the Q.E. due to a low aperture ratio of ∼30% for the 25 µm pitch type [1]. For these statistical reasons, better energy resolutions were obtained with the APD.…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC), also known as a Silicon Photo-Multiplier (SiPM), is a compact, high performance semiconductor photodetector comprising numerous Geiger mode avalanche photodiode (APD) pixels. In particular, MPPC offers great advantages such as low bias voltage operation (typically ∼70 V), high gain (10 5−6 ) almost comparable to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and imperviousness to magnetic fields [1]- [3]. However, one of its weak points is the limited number of pixels, resulting in the nonlinear response of output signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each APD pixel has "dead time" (typically ∼ a f ew10 nsec) once the Geiger discharge has triggered, namely, where multiple photons entering a single pixel cannot be counted within the dead time. Moreover, thermal electrons also trigger Geiger discharge, resulting in substantial contamination of "dark counts", which typically amounts to 1-4 Mcps for 3×3 mm 2 MPPCs (25µm type) measured at room temperature (+25 • C) [1]- [3]. Nevertheless, its compactness and high gain are relatively attractive in various fields of high energy physics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a scintillation detector using a MPPC as an alternative to an APD

Miura¹,

Nakamori²,

Kataoka³

et al. 2012

J. Inst.

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We conducted a study to examine the performance of the multi-pixel photon counter(MPPC). The MPPC is a novel type of semiconductor photodetector consisting of multiple avalanche photodiode (APD) pixels operated in Geiger mode. Whereas the MPPC offers a great advantage in signal multiplication comparable to that achieved by the photomultiplier tube (PMT), the detection of weak scintillation light signals is difficult due to the severe contamination of dark counts. In this study, we first compared the energy resolutions and energy thresholds of a 3 × 3 mm 2 MPPC with those of a 3 × 3 mm 2 APD as scintillation detectors. The MPPC and APD were optically coupled with 5 × 5 × 5 mm 3 scintillation crystals of BGO, Tl:CsI, Pr:LuAG, and YAG. It turned out that the APD had better energy resolutions for 662 keV gamma-rays, while the MPPC had lower energy thresholds as measured using a test pulse. Despite the low energy thresholds, it is difficult for the MPPC to detect low energy gamma-rays due to the contamination of dark counts. Secondly, we applied a coincidence technique to discriminate weak gamma-ray signals from dark counts by using scintillation detectors that consisted of a 2 × 2 MPPC-array optically coupled with 10 × 10 × 10 mm 3 crystals of GSO, BGO, and Pr:LuAG. With this technique, we demonstrated that dark counts achieved a rejection efficiency of more than 99.8%. As a result, 22.2 keV gamma-rays were successfully detected with a GSO scintillator as measured at +20 • C.

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Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Development of a scintillation detector using a MPPC as an alternative to an APD

Miura¹,

Nakamori²,

Kataoka³

et al. 2012

J. Inst.

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“…One of the greatest challenges for the Sc-ECAL is the dynamic range demand up to 800 minimum ionized particle (MIPs). SiPM is a new type of photon sensor that has been widely used in particle physics experiments [9]. The SiPM can achieve saturation with the number of incident photons increases, which allows the SiPM to detect photons more than the number of pixels through a correction.…”

Section: Sipmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Sc-ECAL Prototype for CEPC and Performance of First Two Layers

Niu

2020

Preprint

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A: As a future Higgs or Z factory, construction of the circular electron positron collider (CEPC) has been proposed to precisely measure Higgs bosons. A particle flow-oriented electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) and a hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) comprise a baseline design for the CEPC calorimetry system. The scintillator-tungsten ECAL (Sc-ECAL) prototype is being developed within the CEPC calorimetry working group. The Sc-ECAL is a sampling calorimeter consisting of alternating absorber layers and high granularity active layers. Each component of the active layer has been studied and optimized from a variety of aspects to meet the design requirements. The complete technological Sc-ECAL prototype will contain 30 layers of ECAL-based unit (EBU) boards alternating with 30 layers of the absorber. The first two layers of the prototype have been developed, and primary commissioning has been performed to validate their performance.

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“…The resolution on that number strongly depends on the efficiency of the detector. Examples for the visible wavelength regime are the silicon photo multiplier (SiPM) [3,4], time-multiplexing detector [5,6] and visible light photon counter (VLPC) [7,8] , and for the near-infrared the multi-pixel array [9], frequency upconversion combined with SiPM [10], avalanche height discrimination detector [11] and transition edge sensors (TES) [12,13]. In the near-infrared, detectors either suffer from high dark count rates [9], low efficiency [10], poor dynamic [11] or depend on cryogenic cooling [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

32 bin near-infrared time-multiplexing detector with attojoule single-shot energy resolution

Eraerds

Pomarico

Zhang

et al. 2010

Review of Scientific Instruments

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We present two implementations of photon counting time-multiplexing detectors for near-infrared wavelengths, based on Peltier cooled InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes. A first implementation is motivated by practical considerations using only commercially available components. It features 16 bins, pulse repetition rates of up to 22 kHz, and a large range of applicable pulse widths of up to 100 ns. A second implementation is based on rapid gating detectors, permitting dead times below 10 ns. This allows one to realize a high dynamic-range 32 bin detector, able to process pulse repetition rates of up to 6 MHz for pulse widths of up to 200 ps. Analysis of the detector response at 16.5% detection efficiency reveals a single-shot energy resolution on the attojoule level.

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Development of Multi-Pixel Photon Counters

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Development of a scintillation detector using a MPPC as an alternative to an APD

Development of a scintillation detector using a MPPC as an alternative to an APD

Design of Sc-ECAL Prototype for CEPC and Performance of First Two Layers

32 bin near-infrared time-multiplexing detector with attojoule single-shot energy resolution

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