Development of SARS‐CoV‐2 animal vaccines using a stable and efficient NDV expression system

Liang

Sig Transduct Target Ther

et al. 2023

Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.

Section: Measles Virus Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases

Liang

Sig Transduct Target Ther

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

Development of SARS‐CoV‐2 animal vaccines using a stable and efficient NDV expression system

Zhong

et al. 2022

Self Cite

With the continuation of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants, the control of the spread of the virus remains urgent. Various animals, including cats, ferrets, hamsters, nonhuman primates, minks, tree shrews, fruit bats, and rabbits, are susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection naturally or experimentally. Therefore, to avoid animals from becoming mixing vessels of the virus, vaccination of animals should be considered. In the present study, we report the establishment of an efficient and stable system using Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a vector to express SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein/subunit for the rapid generation of vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2 in animals. Our data showed that the S and S1 protein was sufficiently expressed in rNDV‐S and rNDV‐S1‐infected cells, respectively. The S protein was incorporated into and displayed on the surface of rNDV‐S viral particles. Intramuscular immunization with rNDV‐S was found to induce the highest level of binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as strong S‐specific T‐cell response in mice. Intranasal immunization with rNDV‐S1 provoked a robust T‐cell response but barely any detectable antibodies. Overall, the NDV‐vectored vaccine candidates were able to induce profound humoral and cellular immunity, which will provide a good system for developing vaccines targeting both T‐cell and antibody responses.

Reviews in Medical Virology

Next Generation RNA/Protein‐Carrying Vector With Pleiotropic Activity

Nosaka,

Ohtsuka,

Ohtsuka

et al. 2024

Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2), one of the causative agents of infantile common cold, is a non‐segmented negative‐sense RNA virus with a robust gene expression system. It infects recurrently throughout human life without causing severe disease. Because hPIV2 has a viral envelope that can carry ectopic proteins, we developed a non‐propagative RNA/protein‐carrying vector BC‐PIV by deleting the F gene from hPIV2. BC‐PIV can be vigorously proliferated in the stable packaging cell line Vero/BC‐F cells expressing the hPIV2 F gene but not in other cells. BC‐PIV can deliver exogenous gene(s) on a multigenic RNA genome as an inserted gene fragment(s) and simultaneously deliver exogenous protein(s) on its envelope in a membrane‐anchored form. For example, influenza virus M2e protein, Ebola virus GP protein, and severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike protein were shown to be highly expressed in packaging cells and incorporated into the virion. The Ebola virus GP protein and SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, each delivered via BC‐PIV, efficiently induced neutralising antibodies against each virus, even after prior treatment with recombinant BC‐PIV in mice and hamsters, respectively. In this review, we describe the properties of BC‐PIV as a promising vaccine vector, and also demonstrate its application as an anti‐tumour virus.