Development of Spray-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells

Bishop, James; Smith, Joel A.; Lidzey, David G.

doi:10.1021/acsami.0c14540

Cited by 116 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…tunable bandgap, [8,9] the ease of fabricating high-quality thin films by a variety of techniques made them easily accessible and attractive for a large number of research groups. From a fabrication point of view, the current focus is clearly on solutionbased deposition techniques, such as spin coating, [10][11][12] slot-die coating, [13][14][15] inkjet printing, [16][17][18] or spray coating [19][20][21] as they allow inexpensive integration in a laboratory environment as well as simple material and process optimization. Furthermore, these techniques promise an industrialized large-scale fabrication at low production costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Groundwork to Efficient Solar Cells: On the Importance of the Substrate Material in Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Abzieher

Feeney

Schackmar

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Vacuum-based deposition of optoelectronic thin films has a long-standing history. However, in the field of perovskite-based photovoltaics, these techniques are still not as advanced as their solution-based counterparts. Although high-efficiency vacuum-based perovskite solar cells reaching power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 20% are reported, the number of studies on the underlying physical and chemical mechanism of the co-evaporation of lead iodide and methylammonium iodide is low. In this study, the impact of one of the most crucial process parameters in vacuum processes-the substrate material-is studied. It is shown that not only the morphology of the co-evaporated perovskite thin films is significantly influenced by the surface polarity of the substrate material, but also the incorporation of the organic compound into the perovskite framework. Based on these studies, a selection guide for suitable substrate materials for efficient co-evaporated perovskite thin films is derived. This selection guide points out that the organic vacuum-processable hole transport material 2,2″,7,7″-tet ra(N,N-di-p-tolyl)amino-9,9-spirobifluorene is an ideal candidate for the fabrication of efficient all-evaporated perovskite solar cells, demonstrating PCEs above 19%. Furthermore, building on the insights into the formation of the perovskite thin films on different substrate materials, a basic crystallization model for co-evaporated perovskite thin films is suggested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Groundwork to Efficient Solar Cells: On the Importance of the Substrate Material in Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Abzieher

Feeney

Schackmar

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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“…If, on the other hand, drying time is much longer, it would account for causing an inhomogeneous film due to dewetting. [ 153 ] Identifying this balance on the control over the film drying process is especially important for spray coating. However, there is still no report that studies the same dependencies under indoor lighting conditions preventing us from drawing safe conclusions.…”

Section: Critical Parameters Under Low Light Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To begin with spray coating, by holding the substrate at moderate temperature, namely below the main solvent's boiling point, it can be possible to enhance the wetting of the droplet ink and to prevent the initiation of crystallization procedure. [ 153 ] Higher substrate temperature would not only cause an early crystallization, but also evaporation of the ink's solvent, before droplets coalesce, hence forming an discontinuous layer. What is more, subsequent spray passes would redissolve initial crystals and the solute concentration would decrease when moving from substrate surface to the perovskite top, and crystallization domains would merge and recrystallization would happen.…”

Section: Critical Parameters Under Low Light Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor Perovskite Photovoltaics for the Internet of Things—Challenges and Opportunities toward Market Uptake

Polyzoidis

Rogdakis

Kymakis

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

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The high‐power conversion efficiency of flexible perovskite photovoltaics (PPV) at low light environment and their low‐cost manufacturing processes, render PPV superior to conventional rigid photovoltaics targeting indoor applications. However, various parameters related to materials, architecture, processing, and indoor characterization need to be optimized further toward improving indoor PPV (iPPV) efficiency, stability, and ecotoxicity. This work provides an overview of the recent progress, trends, and challenges in the field and suggests a holistic approach toward a viable design and integration of iPPVs into Internet of Things (IoT) platforms without any compromise on safety and cost effectiveness. The key impact of selecting proper materials and fabrication techniques, as well as optimizing the active area and architecture is described. Certain peculiarities of the indoor lighting conditions are discussed that can be addressed by proper simulation tools, including the understanding of the charge‐transfer mechanism, the diversification of the lamp types, as well as identifying the requirements for the production, standardization, and installation of iPPVs associated with IoT devices. A multidimensional engineering approach that considers aspects of architecture, light technology, load specifications, materials, processing, safety and cost, is proposed as a path toward accelerating iPPV market uptake for households, businesses, wearables and Industry 4.0 applications.

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“…Hybrid perovskite thin films are typically prepared by spin‐coating, which not only yields films with very small crystallite sizes, but its production is often limited to the use of a glovebox. In addition, while spray coating has been utilized on large‐scale substrates, excessive variables in the coating process such as droplet size, substrate wettability and solvent boiling point make it challenging, [53,54] as well as crystallization conditions for materials with large organic cations [47,55] . Solvent‐free techniques such as thermal co‐evaporation and high‐low vacuum deposition can produce high quality and pin‐hole free films with large crystallites due to achievement of a slower rate, however the demand of high vacuum makes them energy consuming and pricey, [22,56] and high deposition temperatures in vacuum‐based methods have a high requirement on thermal stability of precursors [57] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, while spray coating has been utilized on large‐scale substrates, excessive variables in the coating process such as droplet size, substrate wettability and solvent boiling point make it challenging,[ 53 , 54 ] as well as crystallization conditions for materials with large organic cations. [ 47 , 55 ] Solvent‐free techniques such as thermal co‐evaporation and high‐low vacuum deposition can produce high quality and pin‐hole free films with large crystallites due to achievement of a slower rate, however the demand of high vacuum makes them energy consuming and pricey,[ 22 , 56 ] and high deposition temperatures in vacuum‐based methods have a high requirement on thermal stability of precursors. [57] The need for a simple and low‐cost method to produce thin films of hybrid perovskite or perovskite‐derived materials requires the development of solution‐based methods beyond spin‐coating or spray coating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Production of Ambient Stable Hybrid Bismuth‐Based Materials: AACVD of Phenethylammonium Bismuth Iodide Films**

Wang

Sanchez‐Perez

Habib

et al. 2021

Chemistry A European J

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Large homogeneous and adherent coatings of phenethylammonium bismuth iodide were produced using the cost-effective and scalable aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) methodology. The film morphology was found to depend on the deposition conditions and substrates, resulting in different optical properties to those reported from their spin-coated counterparts. Optoelectronic characterization revealed band bending effects occurring between the hybrid material and semiconducting substrates (TiO 2 and FTO) due to heterojunction formation, and the optical bandgap of the hybrid material was calculated from UV-visible and PL spectrometry to be 2.05 eV. Maximum values for hydrophobicity and crystallographic preferential orientation were observed for films deposited on FTO/glass substrates, closely followed by values from films deposited on TiO 2 /glass substrates.

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Development of Spray-Coated Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 116 publications

References 70 publications

From Groundwork to Efficient Solar Cells: On the Importance of the Substrate Material in Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

From Groundwork to Efficient Solar Cells: On the Importance of the Substrate Material in Co‐Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells

Indoor Perovskite Photovoltaics for the Internet of Things—Challenges and Opportunities toward Market Uptake

Scalable Production of Ambient Stable Hybrid Bismuth‐Based Materials: AACVD of Phenethylammonium Bismuth Iodide Films**

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