Development of the API Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry

Ritter, Karin; Lev-On, Miriam; Shires, Theresa

doi:10.2118/0603-0030-jpt

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The only statistically significant trends we observe are between emission factor and variability between multiple intercepts of the same flare for all basins and a negative correlation between the NOx emission factor and methane destruction removal efficiency in the Eagle Ford, both of which suggest the occurrence of suboptimal flare performance. The estimated emission factors are also consistent with a study of flaring in Norway, 44 which reported values of 1.16−2.36 g NOx/Sm 3 (0.057−0.119 lb NOx/10 6 BTU, assuming the American Petroleum Institute's default gas heating value for unprocessed natural gas of 1235 BTU/scf 45 ). Our emissions factors are more comparable with air-assisted test flares sampled by Torres et al (0.037−0.083 lb NOx/10 6 BTU) compared to steam-assisted flares (0.009−0.033 lb NOx/10 6 BTU) measured in that work.…”

Section: Skewed Nox Emission Factorssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…present in the associated gas. 40,41 The American Petroleum Institute (API) uses a standard of 1111 Btu/ft 3 (39,200 Btu/m 3 ) for the lower heating value of unprocessed or raw natural gas, 45 which is on the upper edge of the range used within FOG. Our assumptions are higher than this API standard, particularly in the Permian and Bakken (Table 1), due to the lower CH 4 gas content compared to the 81.6% assumed by the API.…”

Section: Skewed Nox Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Situ Sampling of NOx Emissions from United States Natural Gas Flares Reveals Heavy-Tail Emission Characteristic

Plant,

Kort,

Gorchov Negron

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Natural gas flaring is a common practice employed in many United States (U.S.) oil and gas regions to dispose of gas associated with oil production. Combustion of predominantly hydrocarbon gas results in the production of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Here, we present a large field data set of in situ sampling of real world flares, quantifying flaring NOx production in major U.S. oil production regions: the Bakken, Eagle Ford, and Permian. We find that a single emission factor does not capture the range of the observed NOx emission factors within these regions. For all three regions, the median emission factors fall within the range of four emission factors used by the Texas Commission for Environmental Quality. In the Bakken and Permian, the distribution of emission factors exhibits a heavy tail such that basin-average emission factors are 2−3 times larger than the value employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Extrapolation to basin scale emissions using auxiliary satellite assessments of flare volumes indicates that NOx emissions from flares are skewed, with 20%−30% of the flares responsible for 80% of basin-wide flaring NOx emissions. Efforts to reduce flaring volume through alternative gas capture methods would have a larger impact on the NOx oil and gas budget than current inventories indicate.

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Section: Skewed Nox Emission Factorssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Skewed Nox Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Sampling of NOx Emissions from United States Natural Gas Flares Reveals Heavy-Tail Emission Characteristic

Plant,

Kort,

Gorchov Negron

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Stochastic Estimation of Barrels of Oil Equivalent Conversion Factor for Natural Gas Volumes from Offshore Carbonate Fields in Ultradeep Waters

Silva

Roque

Oliveira

et al. 2023

SPE Reservoir Evaluation &Amp; Engineering

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Summary Oil and gas production is measured in different units; therefore, there is a need to use a conversion factor of natural gas (NG) to barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). The SPE unit conversion factor, which is based on a reference oil, is often used. However, BOE conversion factors vary as a function of the high heating value (HHV) calculated for a gas, which in turn, varies as a function of the NG composition. Herein, by using Monte Carlo simulations, HHV and produced volumes of NG measured over the years were used in estimating BOE conversion factors for two offshore carbonate fields in ultradeep waters. Then, the new BOE conversion factors were used to review the production data collected in 2021. By comparing the new production data with the data obtained by using the SPE unit conversion factor, it is seen that the proposed conversion factors are more suitable for the specific assets than the standardized conversion factors.

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Evaluation of Emissions Mitigation Alternatives in Preconceptual Project Phases

Freire¹,

Ribeiro²,

Matheus³

et al. 2022

ROG

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Development of the API Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry

Abstract: HSE Horizons - This is a condensed version of paper SPE 74013, which was presented at the SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas E&P held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 March 2002.

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

In Situ Sampling of NOx Emissions from United States Natural Gas Flares Reveals Heavy-Tail Emission Characteristic

In Situ Sampling of NOx Emissions from United States Natural Gas Flares Reveals Heavy-Tail Emission Characteristic

Stochastic Estimation of Barrels of Oil Equivalent Conversion Factor for Natural Gas Volumes from Offshore Carbonate Fields in Ultradeep Waters

Evaluation of Emissions Mitigation Alternatives in Preconceptual Project Phases

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