Development of the hectocotylus in &lt;i&gt;Illex coindetii&lt;/i&gt; (Verany 1837) (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)

Zecchini, Fulvio; Vecchione, Michael; Belcari, Paola; Roper, Clyde F. E.

doi:10.3989/scimar.03305.07d

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 9 publications

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“…The embryonic development of the E. scolopes arm crown is a dynamic process during which an adult-like structure is established. With the exception of the hectocotylus, which is modified during sexual maturation of the juvenile male squid [ 35 ], the arms and tentacles are fully functional at hatching stage [ 36 ]. This stands in contrast to other decabrachian species, that produce small eggs and immature, paralarval hatchlings, in which the tentacles and associated adult-like prey capture behaviors mature during post-hatching stages (e.g., Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Loligo vulgaris ) [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cephalopod arm crown: appendage formation and differentiation in the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes

et al. 2016

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BackgroundCephalopods are a highly derived class of molluscs that adapted their body plan to a more active and predatory lifestyle. One intriguing adaptation is the modification of the ventral foot to form a bilaterally symmetric arm crown, which constitutes a true morphological novelty in evolution. In addition, this structure shows many diversifications within the class of cephalopods and therefore offers an interesting opportunity to study the molecular underpinnings of the emergence of phenotypic novelties and their diversification. Here we use the sepiolid Euprymna scolopes as a model to study the formation and differentiation of the decabrachian arm crown, which consists of four pairs of sessile arms and one pair of retractile tentacles. We provide a detailed description of arm crown formation in order to understand the basic morphology and the developmental dynamics of this structure.ResultsWe show that the morphological formation of the cephalopod appendages occurs during distinct phases, including outgrowth, elongation, and tissue differentiation. Early outgrowth is characterized by uniform cell proliferation, while the elongation of the appendages initiates tissue differentiation. The latter progresses in a gradient from proximal to distal, whereas cell proliferation becomes restricted to the distal-most end of the arm. Differences in the formation of arms and tentacles exist, with the tentacles showing an expedite growth rate and higher complexity at younger stages.ConclusionThe early outgrowth and differentiation of the E. scolopes arm crown shows similarities to the related, yet derived cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Parallels in the growth and differentiation of appendages seem to exist throughout the animal kingdom, raising the question of whether these similarities reflect a recruitment of similar molecular patterning pathways.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0175-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cephalopod arm crown: appendage formation and differentiation in the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes

et al. 2016

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Transitions During Cephalopod Life History

Robin

Roberts

Zeidberg

et al. 2014

Advances in Cephalopod Science: Biology, Ecology, Cultivation and Fisheries

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Intromittent Organ Morphology and Biomechanics: Defining the Physical Challenges of Copulation

Kelly

2016

Integr. Comp. Biol.

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Intromittent organs-structures that place gametes into a mate for internal fertilization-evolved many times within the animal kingdom, and are remarkable for their extravagant morphological diversity. Some taxa build intromittent organs from tissues with reproductive system antecedents, but others copulate with modified fins, tentacles, or legs: anatomically, these structures can include combinations of stiff tissues, extensible tissues, and muscle. Their mechanical behavior during copulation is also diverse: males in some taxa reorient or protrude genital tissues, others inflate them and change their shape, while still other taxa combine these strategies. For these animals, the ability to ready an intromittent organ for copulation and physically interact with a mate's genital tissues is critical to reproductive success, and may be tied to aspects of postcopulatory selection such as sperm competition and sexual conflict. But we know little about their mechanical behavior during copulation. This review surveys mechanical strategies that animals may use for intromittent organ function during intromission and copulation, and discusses how they may perform when their tissues experience stresses in tension, compression, bending, torsion, or shear.

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Development of the hectocotylus in <i>Illex coindetii</i> (Verany 1837) (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

The cephalopod arm crown: appendage formation and differentiation in the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes

The cephalopod arm crown: appendage formation and differentiation in the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes

Transitions During Cephalopod Life History

Intromittent Organ Morphology and Biomechanics: Defining the Physical Challenges of Copulation

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