Development of the Social Media Engagement Scale for Adolescents

Abstract

This study aimed to develop the Social Media Engagement Scale for Adolescents (SMES-A), and evaluate its reliability and validity. The initial items were collected via open-ended questions, a literature review, and suggestions from psychological experts. A total valid sample of 2519 adolescents participated in this study. The results of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated that this scale was composed of three factors named affective engagement, behavioral engagement, and cognitive engagement, accounting for 56.01% of the total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the three-factor model. The affective engagement, behavioral engagement, and cognitive engagement were positively correlated with the criterion variables of objective social media use. The mean intra-correlation coefficients of the three factors were 0.523, 0.451, and 0.512. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the affective engagement, behavioral engagement, and cognitive engagement were from 0.709 to 0.804. Their McDonald's omega were 0.805, 0.805, and 0.712, which showed high reliability of this three-factor structure. The test-retest reliability of the three factors were all above 0.68 8 weeks later. Overall, our findings suggested that the SMES-A is a reliable and valid measurement to evaluate social media engagement among Chinese adolescents.

Investigating the Relationship between Social Media Use, Big Five Personality, and Well-being

“…The operationalized overlap between social media engagement and intensity via time measures continues in recent work. Increased time or frequency of social media use, referred to as either "engagement" or "intensity" by the authors, was positively associated with positive adjustment, defined as "less internalizing problems and more prosocial support" (Swirsky et al, 2021, p. 1), network size but not subjective well-being (Koç & Turan, 2020), affective, behavioral, and cognitive engagement (Ni et al, 2020), fear of missing out and indirectly with well-being (Roberts & David, 2020), and both higher and lower academic self-efficacy depending on specific social media platform (McNallie et al, 2020). These sources show that engagement, intensity, and time are central concepts in the context of social media use, including in work that relates social media use to well-being.…”

An Investigation Into the Effects of Destination Sensory Experiences at Visitors’ Digital Engagement: Empirical Evidence From Sanya, China

“…Thus, destination marketers and managers have developed various marketing and promotion programs (e.g., the reward system) to promote visitor engagement in online and offline settings ( Ahn and Back, 2018 ). While visitors could engage with a destination in a variety of ways (e.g., positive WOM behavior, commenting, reviewing, and sharing selfies or videos to spread contents related to the destination), social media ( Ni et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2021 ) and third-party review sites have been the dominant enablers of visitors’ digital engagement with a destination.…”

Mediating Role of Cultural Identity in the Relationship between Social Media Use Intensity and Social Media Use Purpose among Chinese International Students in Malaysia

“…The social media use intensity scale used was mainly adapted from Ellison et al (2007) and Ni et al (2020). The first five questions were adapted from Ellison et al (2007),which has been verified in several studies (Jiang & Bruijn, 2014;Phua & Jin, 2011;Wang et al, 2019).…”

“…In the current study, Facebook was replaced with social media. The other four questions were adapted from Ni et al (2020). Two elements were deleted due to the low factor loading (less than 0.50).…”