Abstract:Currently, several pathologies have corresponding and specific diagnostic and therapeutic branches of interest focused on early and correct detection, as well as the best therapeutic approach. Radiology never ceases to develop newer technologies in order to give patients a clear, safe, early, and precise diagnosis; furthermore, in the last few years diagnostic imaging panoramas have been extended to the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. On the other hand, clinical and laboratory tests… Show more
“…The biological function of Exo base on not only in their proteins and nucleic acids, but in their lipid composition. Commonly, Exo are rich in phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), cholesterol, sphingomyelin (SM), arachidonic acid and other fatty acids, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, ensure their stability and rigidity [ 87 ]. Fig.…”
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subgroup of heterogeneous non-hematopoietic fibroblast-like cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Recent studies stated that MSCs can migrate into the tumor sites and exert various effect on tumor growth and development. Multiple researches have demonstrated that MSCs can favor tumor growth, while other groups have indicated that MSCs inhibit tumor development. Emerging evidences showed exosomes (Exo) as a new mechanism of cell communication which are essential for the crosstalk between MSCs and BC cells. MSC-derived Exo (MSCs-Exo) could mimic the numerous effects on the proliferation, metastasis, and drug response through carrying a wide scale of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs to BC cells. Consequently, in the present literature, we summarized the biogenesis and cargo of Exo and reviewed the role of MSCs-Exo in development of BC.
“…The biological function of Exo base on not only in their proteins and nucleic acids, but in their lipid composition. Commonly, Exo are rich in phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidic acid (PA), cholesterol, sphingomyelin (SM), arachidonic acid and other fatty acids, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, ensure their stability and rigidity [ 87 ]. Fig.…”
In women, breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subgroup of heterogeneous non-hematopoietic fibroblast-like cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Recent studies stated that MSCs can migrate into the tumor sites and exert various effect on tumor growth and development. Multiple researches have demonstrated that MSCs can favor tumor growth, while other groups have indicated that MSCs inhibit tumor development. Emerging evidences showed exosomes (Exo) as a new mechanism of cell communication which are essential for the crosstalk between MSCs and BC cells. MSC-derived Exo (MSCs-Exo) could mimic the numerous effects on the proliferation, metastasis, and drug response through carrying a wide scale of molecules, such as proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs, and microRNAs to BC cells. Consequently, in the present literature, we summarized the biogenesis and cargo of Exo and reviewed the role of MSCs-Exo in development of BC.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous population of plasma membrane-surrounded particles that are released in the extracellular milieu by almost all types of living cells. EVs are key players in intercellular crosstalk, both locally and systemically, given that they deliver their cargoes (consisting of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, miRNAs, and DNA fragments) to target cells, crossing biological barriers. Those mechanisms further trigger a wide range of biological responses. Interestingly, EV phenotypes and cargoes and, therefore, their functions, stem from their specific parental cells. For these reasons, EVs have been proposed as promising candidates for EV-based, cell-free therapies. One of the new frontiers of cell-based immunotherapy for the fight against refractory neoplastic diseases is represented by genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) lymphocytes, which in recent years have demonstrated their effectiveness by reaching commercialization and clinical application for some neoplastic diseases. CAR-T-derived EVs represent a recent promising development of CAR-T immunotherapy approaches. This crosscutting innovative strategy is designed to exploit the advantages of genetically engineered cell-based immunotherapy together with those of cell-free EVs, which in principle might be safer and more efficient in crossing biological and tumor-associated barriers. In this review, we underlined the potential of CAR-T-derived EVs as therapeutic agents in tumors.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a frequent aortic disease. If the diameter of the aorta is larger than 5 cm, an open surgical repair (OSR) or an endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) are recommended. To prevent possible complications (i.e., endoleaks), EVAR-treated patients need to be monitored for 5 years following the intervention, using computed tomography angiography (CTA). However, this radiological method involves high radiation exposure in terms of CTA/year. In such a context, the study of peripheral-blood-circulating extracellular vesicles (pbcEVs) has great potential to identify biomarkers for EVAR complications. We analyzed several phenotypes of pbcEVs using polychromatic flow cytometry in 22 patients with AAA eligible for EVAR. From each enrolled patient, peripheral blood samples were collected at AAA diagnosis, and after 1, 6, and 12 months following EVAR implantation, i.e. during the diagnostic follow-up protocol. Patients developing an endoleak displayed a significant decrease in activated-platelet-derived EVs between the baseline condition and 6 months after EVAR intervention. Furthermore, we also observed, that 1 month after EVAR implantation, patients developing an endoleak showed higher concentrations of activated-endothelial-derived EVs than patients who did not develop one, suggesting their great potential as a noninvasive and specific biomarker for early identification of EVAR complications.
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