Diagnostic study of the roughness surface effect of zirconium on the third-order nonlinear-optical properties of thin films based on zinc oxide nanomaterials

Effects of deposition temperature on the surface roughness and the nonlinear optical susceptibility of sprayed deposited ZnO:Zr thin films

“…The highest value is found for ZnO:Zr 5%. The obtained value is higher than those already reported by other authors (Table 3) with different methods which were ranging from 0.12 Â 10 À12 to 20.12 Â 10 À12 (esu) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]7].…”

“…This is basically a chemical deposition technique, where the most important deposition parameters are: the precursors, the solution concentration, the deposition temperature and the spray rate. The doping effect and surface roughness by zirconium on the nonlinear optical properties have been investigated in our earlier work [7]. Here we analysed the effects of deposition temperature on the surface roughness and on the nonlinear optical susceptibility of ZnO:Al thin films.…”

Observation of two-times self-focusing of femtosecond laser beam in ZnO crystal by two-photon luminescence

“…Their average value was 7.23 Â 10 À20 m 2 /V 2 , and the corresponding third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility was 14.24 Â 10 À20 m 2 /V 2 . These values are consistent with the reported third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in ZnO films [24,25]. For the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of 14.24 Â 10 À20 m 2 /V 2 , a critical power for self-focusing in ZnO was calculated to be 3.8 kW with a formula described in Ref.…”

The role of cobalt doping in tuning the band gap, surface morphology and third-order optical nonlinearities of ZnO nanostructures for NLO device applications

“…As a chemical method, it is advantageous over other physical methods owing to convenience, high growth rate and lack of wastewater discharge. A literature review conrmed that divalent ions such as Ni, Zr, Ce, F, Er, Al, Sn, F and In [20][21][22][23][24][25] have been used as dopants in ZnO thin lms for NLO device applications, whereas only a few reports describe the third-order NLO properties of Zn 1Àx Co x O thin lms. 26 To design and intend metal doped ZnO material as the versatile NLO devices with the cost-effective and enhanced performance we need to realize the doping effect on the basic physical mechanisms of optical nonlinearity arising in it.…”