“…In the last decades, various studies on students' competencies in the domain of multi-digit addition and subtraction were conducted (e.g., Beishuizen, 1993Beishuizen, , 1999Benz, 2007;Blöte, Klein, & Beishuizen, 2000;Carpenter, Franke, Jacobs, Fennema, & Empson, 1997;Fuson, 1992;Fuson, Wearne, Hiebert et al, 1997;Hiebert & Wearne, 1996;Klein, Beishuizen, & Treffers, 1998;Selter, 2001;Thompson, 1999Thompson, , 2000Torbeyns, De Smedt, Ghesquière, & Verschaffel, in press;Torbeyns, Verschaffel, & Ghesquière, 2006). Summarizing the empirical findings on children's adaptive strategy use for multi-digit addition and subtraction problems, it seems that overall primary school students hardly choose their computation strategies adaptively with respect to task characteristics.…”