Dietary exposure and neurotoxicity of the environmental free and bound toxin β- N -methylamino- l -alanine

Regueiro, Jorge; Negreira, Noelia; Carreira-Casais, Anxo; Lamela, Concepción Pérez; Simal‐Gándara, Jesús

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.033

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…An accurate report of BMAA and isomer contents in edible species is crucial to evaluate a human exposure and potent associated risks. Another exhaustive literature review of human dietary exposure to BMAA [ 73 ] was recently published, but is neither systematic (e.g., some references we graded B have not been taken into account [ 21 , 40 , 52 , 54 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 62 ]), nor selective according to the accuracy of the identification or quantification of BMAA (e.g., the reported data on BMAA content in fish mainly derived from studies we graded C [ 25 , 32 , 34 ]). Therefore, the present systematic review offers a supplemental step based on the chemical analytical method accuracy, and is appropriate in view of a health risk assessment procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and Isomers in Aquatic Environments and Aquatic Food Sources for Humans

Lance

Arnich

Maignien

et al. 2018

Toxins

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The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a non-protein amino acid produced by terrestrial and aquatic cyanobacteria and by micro-algae, has been suggested to play a role as an environmental factor in the neurodegenerative disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Parkinsonism-Dementia complex (ALS-PDC). The ubiquitous presence of BMAA in aquatic environments and organisms along the food chain potentially makes it public health concerns. However, the BMAA-associated human health risk remains difficult to rigorously assess due to analytical challenges associated with the detection and quantification of BMAA and its natural isomers, 2,4-diamino butyric acid (DAB), β-amino-N-methyl-alanine (BAMA) and N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine (AEG). This systematic review, reporting the current knowledge on the presence of BMAA and isomers in aquatic environments and human food sources, was based on a selection and a score numbering of the scientific literature according to various qualitative and quantitative criteria concerning the chemical analytical methods used. Results from the best-graded studies show that marine bivalves are to date the matrix containing the higher amount of BMAA, far more than most fish muscles, but with an exception for shark cartilage. This review discusses the available data in terms of their use for human health risk assessment and identifies knowledge gaps requiring further investigations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and Isomers in Aquatic Environments and Aquatic Food Sources for Humans

Lance

Arnich

Maignien

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…microalgae and mollusks). The major exposure pathway to β-Nmethylamino-L-alanine is the dietary intake so the development of high selective methods able to separate the isomers of this NPAA is crucial [54]. However, β-Nmethylamino-L-alanine analysis may be a hard task since all its isomers present the same monoisotopic mass and similar physicochemical properties making difficult their discrimination.…”

Section: Determination Of Non-protein Amino Acids In Foods By Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the Determination of Nonprotein Amino Acids in Foods and Biological Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis

Pérez-Míguez

Salido-Fortuna

Castro-Puyana

et al. 2019

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

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There are hundreds of non-protein amino acids whose importance in food and biological matrices is still unknown. Many of these compounds mainly exist in food as products formed during food processing, as metabolic intermediates or as additives to increase nutritional and functional properties of food. Moreover, they have also demonstrated to play an important role in the pharmaceutical and clinical fields since they may be used therapeutically in the treatment of some pathologies and their levels may be related with some diseases. For this reason, the analysis of non-protein amino acids may provide relevant information in the food and biological fields.This article reviews the most recent advances in the development of analytical methodologies employing capillary electrophoresis for the achiral and chiral analysis of non-protein amino acids in food and biological samples. With this aim, the most relevant information concerning the separation and detection of these compounds by capillary electrophoresis is discussed and detailed experimental conditions under which their determination was achieved in food and biological samples are given covering the period of time from 2015 to 2018.

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“…(Cox et al, 2003;Murch et al, 2004). Biomagnification of BMAA was also shown in seafood from various regions (reviewed in Regueiro et al, 2017). These studies also illustrated that with consumption of organisms from higher trophic levels, the exposure to BMAA is substantially higher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…This suggests the need to screen further food items for BMAA and to establish a tolerable daily intake value for BMAA in food. Regueiro et al (2017) suggested a tentative acute reference dose based on the toxicity results of Al-Sammak et al (2015) as 200 µg/kg body weight. However, as more information becomes available regarding food items that contain BMAA, this will have to be re-evaluated.…”

Section: Bmaa In Naturally Exposed Crop Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetables cultivated with exposure to pure and naturally occurring β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) via irrigation

Esterhuizen-Londt

Pflugmacher

2019

Environmental Research

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Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a potent neurotoxin, has been demonstrated in various food webs. It is alarming as this intensification of BMAA will result in exposure to higher concentrations from a direct cyanobacterial source. As more food items are being identified as a source of BMAA and with the large variations in BMAA content, the aim of the present study was to evaluate BMAA uptake by, and accumulation in, two commonly consumed vegetables, Lactuca sativa and Allium fistulosum. Plants exposed to pure BMAA in controlled laboratory experiments, as well as vegetables naturally irrigated with water containing a BMAA producing cyanobacterial bloom were evaluated during growth and ripening. In the laboratory exposures, free BMAA was detected in both the edible ripe parts of L. sativa and A. fistulosum after 60 days of exposure to a total of 4.5 µg BMAA. However, in the bloom exposure samples no BMAA could be detected in the ripe vegetables of A. fistulosum, Cucurbita pepo, or Brassica rapa chinensis. The study emphasises the need to further screen items for BMAA to understand the human exposure risk as well as the difference between BMAA uptake patterns with free BMAA and that contained in cyanobacterial cells.

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Dietary exposure and neurotoxicity of the environmental free and bound toxin β- N -methylamino- l -alanine

Cited by 17 publications

References 104 publications

Occurrence of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and Isomers in Aquatic Environments and Aquatic Food Sources for Humans

Occurrence of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) and Isomers in Aquatic Environments and Aquatic Food Sources for Humans

Advances in the Determination of Nonprotein Amino Acids in Foods and Biological Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis

Vegetables cultivated with exposure to pure and naturally occurring β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) via irrigation

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