Dietary fat and appetite: similarities and differences in the satiating effect of meals supplemented with either fat or carbohydrate*†

Abstract

In experiment 1, normal weight male subjects were provided with three types of breakfast consumed in the Human Appetite Research Unit on separate experimental days 1 week apart. The intensity of hunger, fullness and other subjective feelings were tracked by means of visual analogue rating scales at intervals during the day. Energy and nutrient intakes were measured directly from ad libitum test meals consumed at lunch and dinner. During the rest of the day and until after breakfast the following day, food intake was measured indirectly through weighed food records. The test breakfasts comprised a basic meal 184 1 kJ (440 kcal) and the same meal supplemented with similar amounts of either fat (1515 kJ, 362 kcal) or carbohydrate (1527 kJ, 365 kcal). No differences were detected between the effects of the basic breakfast compared with the fat‐supplemented breakfast. The carbohydrate supplement suppressed hunger ratings during a limited period after consumption (the post‐ingestive window) coinciding with the expected metabolism of carbohydrate. In experiment 2, a direct test of consumption during this post‐ingestive window confirmed that the carbohydrate supplemented breakfast suppressed intake but the fat supplement did not. These results demonstrate that carbohydrate and fat can produce quite different effects on satiety. Under these experimental conditions the supplement of fat produced no detectable effect on the expression of appetite and illustrates how dietary fat could lead to passive over‐consumption of energy. However this effect may be modified by the particular pattern of food consumption during the course of a day.

High and low carbohydrate and fat intakes: limits imposed by appetite and palatability and their implications for energy balance

“…Physiological signals may affect FB either directly or through perceptible changes in functional integrity (for example, feeling weak and tired during energy restriction), which can act as learning cues for feeding. If this argument is correct, it may be that studies which have examined the impact of covert dietary manipulations on appetite and EB actually assess the extremes required for physiological signals to in¯uence compensatory changes in FB (Van Stratum et al, 1978;Lissner et al, 1987;Kendall et al, 1991;Cotton et al, 1994;Stubbs et al, 1995aStubbs et al, , b, 1996Stubbs et al, , 1997a.…”

Appetite dysfunction in obese males: evidence for role of hyperinsulinaemia in passive overconsumption with a high fat diet

“…The notion of dysfunctional appetite control as a factor contributing toward obesity has gained momentum over the past 45 y (Mayer, 1955;Spiegel, 1973;Kissileff et al, 1984;Rolls et al, 1991;Cotton et al, 1994;Blundell & Macdi armid, 1997) Factors in¯uencing the control of appetite include the frequency with which foods are eaten (Wooley, 1971;Drummond et al, 1998;, as well as the macronutrient value of foods that yield speci®c sensory responses (Drewnowski et al, 1983;1992;Rolls et al, 1991;Poppitt et al, 1998a).…”

The effect of breakfast cereal on diet and serum cholesterol: a randomized trial in North Karelia, Finland

“…It has been suggested, that plasma glucose values play an important role in the action on appetite . Compared to fatty foods, a carbohydrate-rich diet produces different effects on satiation immediately after a meal as well as on sustained satiety during the day Cotton et al, 1994). Even a periodic consumption of fatty meals may lead to passive over-consumption of energy from fat, which generates lower level of satiety Green et al, 1994).…”