Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis in a Case-Control Study from Iran

Abstract

Background: Diet and inflammation have been suggested to be important risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives: In this study, we examined the ability of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict MS in a case-control study conducted in Iran. Methods: This study included 68 MS cases and 140 controls hospitalized for acute non-neoplastic diseases. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed by a previously validated food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs adjusted for age, energy, sex, body mass index, season of birth, rubella history, history of routine exercise before MS, smoking and history of consumption of cow's milk in the first 2 years of life. Results: Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e., with a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher risk of MS, with the DII being used both as a continuous variable (OR_continuous 1.66; 95% CI 1.19-2.31; 1 unit increase corresponding to ≈15% of its range in the current study) and a categorical variable (OR_{DII (>1.43 vs.}_≤_1.43) 2.68; 95% CI 1.15-6.26). Conclusions: These results indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with increased risk of MS.

Dietary habits in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis are similar to those of healthy control subjects

“…There are few case-control studies on the dietary habits of patients suffering from MS. Epidemiological data suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet increases the risk of developing MS 23,24 , while fish oils 25 and a Mediterranean diet 26 could protect individuals from having the disease. The present study neither found any correlation between dietary habits and neurological disability, nor any significant difference between food intake by patients with MS and controls.…”

Nutrient Composition Comparison between a Modified Paleolithic Diet for Multiple Sclerosis and the Recommended Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern

“…This report did not assess the nutritional adequacy of the WahlsElim diet for children and pregnant or lactating women. Nutrient bioavailability was not considered nor the diet’s inflammatory potential which was associated with MS risk in one study [125]. Levels of iodine [126], sulfur compounds, biotin [127], polyphenols [127] and other components of potential interest for MS were not reported because data were not available.…”

Nutrition in Multiple Sclerosis: An integrative review of scientific publications from the last 5 years

“…B Complex vitamins 4 6.3 Adamo 21 ; Bitarafan et al 39 ; Masullo et al 13 ; Schmitz et al 18 Antioxidant minerals 4 6.3 Bitarafan et al 39 ; Schmitz et al 18 ; Socha et al 40 45 ; Schmitz et al 18 ; Sharif et al 49 ; Shivappa et al 51 ; Stankiewicz; Neema; Ceccarelli 50 ; Torkildsen et al 20 ; Weiland et al 43 and animal fat 24 , plus the diet recommended by the National Institute of Health (NIH) Guide to Therapeutic Lifestyle 26 . Fiber and/or probiotic intake was also a topic approached by some studies (11.1%; n= 7) that analyzed the relation between probiotics and disease development, fatigue and intestinal dysbiosis prevention.…”

“…Finally, as nutritional factors specifically studied we highlight (1.6%; n= 1), the inclusion of natural products in the diet 13 , uric acid supplementation 10 , vitamin K 20 benefits, intake of salmon proteoglycans and soy protease 18 , calorie restrictions for disease activity control 24 , coffee intake for MS risk and progression 49 , excessive iron deposition as a pro oxidative and MS risk factor in diagnosed patients 50 and dietary inflammatory index as a determinant of disease development 51 .…”

“…Finally, a single case-control study 51 investigated the potential of the dietary inflammatory index to predict MS risk and showed that individuals with a more pro inflammatory diet had a higher risk of developing the disease.…”