Dietary metabolites and the gut microbiota: an alternative approach to control inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

Abstract

It is now convincingly clear that diet is one of the most influential lifestyle factors contributing to the rise of inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity in both developed and developing countries. In addition, the modern 'Western diet' has changed in recent years with increased caloric intake, and changes in the relative amounts of dietary components, including lower fibre and higher levels of fat and poor quality of carbohydrates. Diet shapes large-bowel microbial ecology, and this may be highly relevant to human diseases, as changes in the gut microbiota composition are associated with many inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated a remarkable role for diet, the gut microbiota and their metabolites—the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and wound-healing. This review summarizes how diet, microbiota and gut microbial metabolites (particularly SCFAs) can modulate the progression of inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity, and reveal the molecular mechanisms (metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) and inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs)). Therefore, considerable benefit could be achieved simply through the use of diet, probiotics and metabolites for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity.

Comparative analysis between aerial parts and roots (Astragali Radix) of astragalus membranaceus by NMR-based metabolomics

“…The disturbance of gut microbiota will affect the levels of TMA and TMAO, and further affect the body's immune function, which is in agreement with reported results (Kamada, Seo, Chen, & Núñez, 2013;Richards, Yap, McLeod, Mackay, & Mariño, 2016). The model group showed lower level of TMAO, which suggested that Cy had an effect on disturbance of gut microbes.…”

Indoles from commensal bacteria extend healthspan

“…Such maladies are often associated with dysregulated inflammatory responses, or with susceptibility to damage caused by such responses. As such, it has been postulated that altering the diet or the microbiota may augment damage tolerance and limit pathology (37). We and others have implicated indoles and other products of bacterial TnaA in protective responses to damage by stressors and pathogens in both C. elegans and mammals (11)(12)(13)16) (Fig.…”

“…Youth is characterized by the capacity to move without impairment, to reproduce, to tolerate diverse environmental stressors with minimal attendant damage (damage tolerance), and to regenerate following damage, conditions that define healthspan (31)(32)(33) implicated in various disease states, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and diabetes (34)(35)(36)(37). Such maladies are often associated with dysregulated inflammatory responses, or with susceptibility to damage caused by such responses.…”

Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Blood Pressure of Females with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Double Blind Controlled Clinical Trial

“…More recently, the use of probiotics to improve metabolic profiles (21,22), and reduce inflammatory factors (23)(24)(25) and oxidative stress biomarkers (26,27) has been investigated. Microbes in the gut contribute to extraction of energy from food and should be considered an environmental factor involved in obesity and related disabilities, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (28)(29)(30).…”