Dietary Patterns, Foods, Nutrients and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that diet plays an important role in the prevention of several non-infectious diseases. Unhealthy diets that include high intake of red and processed meat, sweets and desserts, potatoes, French fries, and refined grains) is associated with high plasma inflammatory biomarkers and a greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), cancer and other chronic diseases. On the other hand, prudent dietary patterns such as Mediterranean diet as well as intake of fruit, vegetables, extra virgin olive oil, walnuts, legumes, whole grains, fish, cocoa, coffee, tea and wine is associated with a reduced plasma inflammatory biomarkers and a lower risk of CVD, T2D and other chronic diseases. In respect to nutrients, excessive intake of carbohydrates, saturated fat, trans-fatty acids, and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may activate the innate immune system, leading to an excessive production of pro inflammatory cytokines associated with a reduced synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, omega-3 PUFA, vitamin E and polyphenols could counter the effects of several inflammatory markers, decreasing, for example, the secretion of circulating and cellular factors involved in the atherosclerotic process.This review explains how healthy dietary patterns, foods and nutrients can reduce chronic inflammatory processes related to CVD, T2D, obesity or cancer and therefore be a good tool to prevent the development of these disorders.

Healthy Dietary Patterns and Incidence of CKD

“…In contrast, examples of unhealthy dietary patterns include Western diets and high fat and meat diets (11). It is thought that diets high in refined starches, saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, and sodium, and lower in whole grains, fruit, vegetables, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber may heighten the inflammatory response (12). As elevations in inflammatory markers have been suggested as a biomarker for the incidence of CKD (13), a dietary approach which lowers inflammatory markers and dietary acid load may be important for reducing the incidence of CKD.…”

The Efficacy of an Energy-Restricted Anti-Inflammatory Diet for the Management of Obesity in Younger Adults

“…There is a growing body of evidence linking diet with the immune system functioning and the modulation of the inflammatory response [ 10 , 11 ]. An unhealthy diet that is high in saturated fats and refined sugars seems to be one of the main factors implicated in the development of obesity and other NCDs [ 10 ], while a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, extra virgin olive oil, legumes, whole grains, fish, nuts, cocoa, coffee, tea, and red wine, similar to the Mediterranean diet, has demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk reduction [ 12 ]. The abovementioned food items contain various bioactive components that exhibit anti-inflammatory activity [ 12 , 13 ], and if consumed as a dietary pattern, it could be considered an anti-inflammatory diet, although currently, there is still no single, comprehensive, universally accepted definition of such a diet.…”

Dietary Inflammatory Index and S-Klotho Plasma Levels in Middle-Aged Adults

“…Chronic inflammation may be favored by several factors such as age, obesity, smoking, stress, sleep disorders and/or diet [4]. Indeed, previous studies have consistently demonstrated that several dietary factors influence chronic inflammation [5][6][7]. Diets with high omega-3 intake, low saturated and trans fatty acids intake, and high intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains have been associated with a lower generation of inflammation [8].…”