Dietary Selection Pressures and Their Impact on the Gut Microbiome

Ecklu-Mensah, Gertrude; Gilbert, Jack A.; Devkota, Suzanne

doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.07.009

Cited by 40 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…In conclusion, diet has strong selective pressure on shaping the composition and functioning of the microbiome [ 73 , 74 ]. What infants are fed is more important than the mode of feeding, since formula-fed infants are not a homogeneous group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Macronutrient Composition of Infant Formula Produces Differences in Gut Microbiota Maturation That Associate with Weight Gain Velocity and Weight Status

Mennella

Bittinger

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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This proof-of-principle study analyzed fecal samples from 30 infants who participated in a randomized controlled trial on the effects of the macronutrient composition of infant formula on growth and energy balance. In that study, infants randomized to be fed cow milk formula (CMF) had faster weight-gain velocity during the first 4 months and higher weight-for-length Z scores up to 11.5 months than those randomized to an isocaloric extensive protein hydrolysate formula (EHF). Here we examined associations among infant formula composition, gut microbial composition and maturation, and children’s weight status. Fecal samples collected before and monthly up to 4.5 months after randomization were analyzed by shotgun metagenomic sequencing and targeted metabolomics. The EHF group had faster maturation of gut microbiota than the CMF group, and increased alpha diversity driven by Clostridia taxa. Abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus distinguished the two groups after exclusive feeding of the assigned formula for 3 months. Abundance of Clostridia at 3–4 months negatively correlated with prior weight-gain velocity and body weight phenotypes when they became toddlers. Macronutrient differences between the formulas likely led to the observed divergence in gut microbiota composition that was associated with differences in transient rapid weight gain, a well-established predictor of childhood obesity and other comorbidities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Macronutrient Composition of Infant Formula Produces Differences in Gut Microbiota Maturation That Associate with Weight Gain Velocity and Weight Status

Mennella

Bittinger

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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“…Unfortunately, www.nature.com/scientificreports/ we did not capture fluctuations in food consumption, though preclinical work has provided evidence that periods of food insecurity may promote reduced feeding and modify food preference behavior (i.e., seeking high fat foods) 36 . Fluctuating food availability has also been observed among hunter-gatherer populations due to seasonal variation (e.g., greater availability of high-fiber fruits and vegetables during the summer), which has resulted in season-dependent shifts in microbial community composition 37 . Thus, food insecurity may impact the GM in a similar manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of food insecurity on gut microbiome and metabolome profiles in a diverse college-based sample

Mohr

Jasbi

Wyst

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Voluntary caloric restriction (e.g., eating disorders) often results in alterations in the gut microbiota composition and function. However, these findings may not translate to food insecurity, where an individual experiences inconsistent access to healthy food options. In this study we compared the fecal microbiome and metabolome of racially and ethnically diverse first year college students (n = 60) experiencing different levels of food access. Students were dichotomized into food secure (FS) and food insecure (FI) groups using a validated, 2-question screener assessing food security status over the previous 30 days. Fecal samples were collected up to 5 days post survey-completion. Gut microbiome and metabolome were established using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. FI students experienced significantly greater microbial diversity with increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Eisenbergiella, while FS students had greater abundance of Megasphaera and Holdemanella. Metabolites related to energy transfer and gut–brain-axis communication (picolinic acid, phosphocreatine, 2-pyrrolidinone) were elevated in FI students (q < 0.05). These findings suggest that food insecurity is associated with differential gut microbial and metabolite composition for which the future implications are unknown. Further work is needed to elucidate the longitudinal metabolic effects of food insecurity and how gut microbes influence metabolic outcomes.

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“…Diet composition is therefore one of the most prominent determinants of gut-microbiota composition and function. Disparate diets exert distinct selection pressures due to variances in substrates available for bacterial metabolism, ultimately selecting for bacteria best capable of utilizing the particular diet [ 73 ]. Human populations consuming a diet rich in fibers, such as the Hadza hunter-gatherers from Tanzania or secluded Amerindians of South America, have increased overall microbial diversity with specific enrichment of Prevotella compared with consumers of a Western diet (WD) that is low in fiber but high in proteins and fats [ 74–76 ].…”

Section: Shaping the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Rewiring host–microbe interactions and barrier function during gastrointestinal inflammation

Jensen

Pærregaard

Brandum

et al. 2022

Gastroenterology Report

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Organismal survival depends on a well-balanced immune system and maintenance of host–microbe mutualism. The fine-tuned relationship between the gut microbiota and host immunity is constantly challenged by opportunistic bacteria testing the integrity of gastrointestinal (GI) barrier defenses. Barrier dysfunction reduces immunological tolerance towards otherwise innocuous microbes; it is a process that may instigate chronic inflammation. Paradoxically, sustained inflammation further diminishes barrier function, enabling bacterial translocation to extra-intestinal tissues. Once translocated, these bacteria stimulate systemic inflammation, thereby compromising organ function. While genetic risk alleles associate with barrier dysfunction, environmental stressors are key triggers of GI inflammation and associated breakdown in immune tolerance towards resident gut microbes. As dietary components dictate substrate availability, they also orchestrate microbiota composition and function, including migratory and pro-inflammatory potential, thus holding the capacity to fuel both GI and extra-intestinal inflammation. Additionally, Western diet consumption may weaken barrier defenses via curbed Paneth cell function and diminished host-defense peptide secretion. This review focuses on intervenable niches of host–microbe interactions and mucosal immunity with the ambition to provide a framework of plausible strategies to improve barrier function and regain tolerance in the inflamed mucosa via nutritional intervention.

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Dietary Selection Pressures and Their Impact on the Gut Microbiome

Cited by 40 publications

References 141 publications

The Macronutrient Composition of Infant Formula Produces Differences in Gut Microbiota Maturation That Associate with Weight Gain Velocity and Weight Status

The Macronutrient Composition of Infant Formula Produces Differences in Gut Microbiota Maturation That Associate with Weight Gain Velocity and Weight Status

Association of food insecurity on gut microbiome and metabolome profiles in a diverse college-based sample

Rewiring host–microbe interactions and barrier function during gastrointestinal inflammation

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