Different patterns of expression of cell cycle control and local invasion‐related proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma affecting young patients

Abstract

Funding information Brazilian Coordination of Higher EducationObjectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) predominantly affects males in the fifth decade of life; nevertheless, an increased incidence in young patients has been reported worldwide, and the clinical and behavioral characteristics of tumors in this group are controversial, and the literature shows divergent results. Results: Clinicopathological features and survival rates were similar in both groups.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in young patients: a 26-year clinicopathologic retrospective study in a Brazilian specialized center

“…The evidence regarding the biological behavior of HNSCC in young patients is scarce, however, VEGF-C, Podoplanin, and MMP-9 were more expressed in OSCC of young patients in previous studies (26)(27)(28). Although these proteins are involved in lymphatic growth and local invasion, neither clinical stage nor lymph node status was different for young patients, and lymph node positivity was not dependent on the overexpression of these proteins (26)(27)(28). Further investigations should focus on the tumor lymph node spread mechanisms in young patients.…”

Young and elderly oral squamous cell carcinoma patients present similar angiogenic profile and predominance of M2 macrophages: Comparative immunohistochemical study

“…Among the studies assessing the age‐related OSCC profile, few evaluate the role and functioning of the stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment . By considering inflammatory cells, TAMs exhibiting M2 phenotype are often detected, being known its role in tumor progression and invasion capacity, increased tumor cell motility, persistent tumor growth, proangiogenic properties, and suppression of antitumor response .…”

“…54,55 Among the studies assessing the age-related OSCC profile, few evaluate the role and functioning of the stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. 5,7,13,19 By considering inflammatory cells, TAMs exhibiting M2 phenotype are often detected, being known its role in tumor progression and invasion capacity, increased tumor cell motility, persistent tumor growth, proangiogenic properties, and suppression of antitumor response. 20,21,[29][30][31]35,36,40,54 However, in these studies, TAMs have been evaluated in correlation with cellular differentiation, 21,40 clinical staging, 21,31 and survival, 21,30,34,35 which show overall similar TAM profile when assessing OSCCs with different histological grades 21,40 ; however, significant association of M2 phenotype with a worse survival.…”

“…In fact, there are studies assessing OSCC with less than 35 years 9,10 ; less than 40 years [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] ; and less than 45 years. 6,7 In the same pathway, it is possible to find studies assessing elderly OSCC patients aged over 40 years, 11,13,14 over 45 years, 7,19 over 50 years, 12,15,16 and over 65 years. 17 In this context, different from Sgaramella et al, 17 it is possible to observe that some studies fail to analyze OSCC patients between 40 and 65 years.…”

An immunohistochemical score to predict the outcome for oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…A range of biomarkers expressed in OSCC with some potential value for targeted therapy have recently been discussed . In the published literature, the combined expression of few of these markers has shown to be superior with a higher prognostic value in OSCC .…”